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uniformly drawn off the bobbin, receiving a given quantity of twist in a given length, and is conducted by the guide n, to a doubling and twisting spindle of the usual construction; any number of these our improved measuring and twisting spindles may be used, as the article intended to be made may require. The apparatus described in fig. 10, exhibits one of the modes of applying the invention described in fig. 9.

Figures 11, 12, and 13, represent our further improvements in machinery for doubling and twisting silk, cotton, or any yarns or threads that require such operation.

Fig. 11, represents a geometrical elevation of our improved bobbin frame, in which are placed bobbins supplied with silk or yarn, prepared for doubling; by winding on each bobbin a single silk or yarn, each frame is calculated to hold six bobbins; a, a, a, represent our improved doubling and twisting spindle; c, c, c, represent the axles of our improved bobbin frames; d, d, d, represent the bobbin frame; b, b, b, &c. represent the bobbins placed in the frames; one of the frames is seen in front, and presents the length of the bobbins; the other two are seen at the side, presenting the bobbin ends; e, e, e, &c. represent the conducting rollers, over which the silk or yarn passes to be twisted; g, g, &c. represent supports, which are attached to the frame d, d, and in which the conducting rollers c, c, c, &c. are suspended on their axles; h, h, h, are fixed pivots, on which the axles c, c, c, revolve; ƒ,ƒ, is a plate of brass, or other suitable material, which supports the pivots h, h, h; j,j, represent the bottom plate, in which the tubes i, i, i, are fixed; k, k, are iron stays or braces, to connect the top plate ƒ, f, with the bottom plate j, j; m, is a collar to support the plates and the bobbin frames in their proper place on the spindle a, a; ,, represent connecting bars or frame work, by which the top frame n, n, is connected with the frame o, 0, which supports the spindle a, a, and the latter is perforated at q, by the holes or tubes through which the silk or yarn passes to the measuring pulley p, fixed on the frame r, r, which is connected to the frame o, o, by the braces s, s; t, is a pulley, on the spindle a, a; v, v, v, are pulleys, one on each of the bobbin frame axles c, c, c; w, w, w, is a stationary band of any suitable material, fastened at one end to the spring x, and at the other end to the screw y; 2, z, &c. represent a regulating spring, fixed to the pivot

of the bobbin axis, which being adjusted by means of the screw E, E, &c. regulates the friction against the axis, to suit the tensions on the bobbin to the strength or delicacy of the silk or yarn.

Fig. 12, represents the top plate f, f, which shews the relative position of the bobbin frame axles c, c, c, and the connecting rods k, k, k; w, w, is the stationary band, shewn, connected to the spring x, and the screw y, which spring and screw may be attached to any convenient part of the stationary framing.

Fig. 13, represents the ground plan or bottom plate j, j, in which the guiding tubes i, i, i, are fixed centrally under the bobbin frame d, d, d; a, represents our improved doubling spindle, passing through the plate j, j; k, k, k, represent the connecting rods, by which the plates ƒ,ƒ, and j,j, are firmly attached together.

In this our improved twisting and doubling machinery, a moving power is applied to the pulley t, which moves the spindle a, a, to which the plates f, f, and j, j, are fixed, causing the bobbin frames d, d, d, to move on the axles c, c, c, but the band w, w, w, being stationary, motion is given to the bobbin frame axles c, c, c, in a direction opposite to that of the spindle a, a, and the plates ƒ, ƒ, and j,j. Single threads of silk or cotton, or other material, having been put on the bobbins b, b, b, &c. &c. pass over the guide rollers e, e, e, &c. and are united together by twisting at the tubes i, i, i, through which they pass to the conical end q, of the spindle a, a, and thence through the perforations or tubes in the cone q, to the measuring pulley p, round which the silk or threads make one turn or fold, to insure a uniform twist in a given length from the measuring pulley p, the silk passes to a detached reel or bobbin, as may be required.

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Six single threads of silk, one from each bobbin, are drawn off from each bobbin frame by the machinery, and descend to the tube i, and there receive the intended twist from the operation of the stationary band w, w, w, and the spindle a, a, moving in the opposite direction these three threads are again united by the operation of the cone q, and form a silken cord or cable, consisting of eighteen threads, which may be laid or twisted in such degree or proportion as the nature of the article may require; any convenient number of threads may be thus

operated upon, and any quantity of twist may be given, at the option of the manufacturer.

In this our improved bobbin frame, we claim as our invention the described arrangement of machinery for doubling and twisting silk, cotton, or any other yarns or threads that require the operation.

Figure 14, represents the method of applying our improved doubling and twisting machinery, with the flexible sheet or cloth bobbin, to the purpose of twisting and doubling single silks or yarns that may require such process.

A, A, indicates our improved twisting spindle, with a conical end, perforated with holes at q, a geometrical and end or profile view of a frame adapted to receive the cloth bobbin, or flexible sheet is presented; b, b, b, b, is the frame; c, c, c, c, the flexible sheet; d, d, are pullies supported on their axis, by the frame b, b, over which pulley the cloth bobbin or flexible sheet passes, and to which it is fitted, so as to move with the pullies; e, is a wheel on the end of the pulley shaft d, which is moved by the smaller wheel f; g, g, are tubes, on the top of which are fixed the worms or screws h, h, which tubes and worms or screws are fixed fast in the frame i, i; k, is a shaft, on which the pinion l, is fixed; p, is a collar, on the spindle a, to support the plates i, i; m, m, are pivots screwed into the frame j, j, on the ends of which the bearings n, n, work; o, o, are pullies, by which the frame of the cloth bobbin is put in motion, and which give twist to the single silks or yarns; r, r, are connecting bars which join the plates i, i, and j, j, firmly together by screws in the usual way; s, is a spring, fixed to the framing of the machine, and to which one end of the stationary band t, t, is fixed, and which band is fastened at the other end to any convenient part of the stationary frame so as to permit the band t, t, to act freely on the pullies o, o, when the machine is at work; on the spindle a, a, is fixed the pulley v, by which the machine is put in motion, and on which spindle the plates i, i, and j, j, are firmly fixed.

In this our improved arrangement of the gear spindle, and the cloth bobbin or flexible sheet, motion is communicated to the pulley v, by the usual means, which moves with it the plates i, i, and j, j, and which by the action of the stationary band t, t, the bobbin frames b, b, receive

motion in a direction opposite to that of the spindle a, a, by which the single silks or yarns are twisted at the tubes g,g.

The bobbin frames move round the stationary screws or worms h, h, by which the pinion 7, on the shaft k, is put in motion, and the wheel f, on the end of the shaft k, takes into and moves the wheel e, on the end of the pulley shaft d, which gives motion to the cloth bobbin, and permits the silks or yarns to be drawn off without injurious tension or strain; the silks or yarns being drawn off, or delivered by the flexible sheet, and twisted at the tube g, g, are united and twisted in the opposite direction, and form one thread at the cone q, and from thence are conducted to a measuring pulley, as seen at fig. 11, and thence to a reel or bobbin of the usual construction; a particular description of the stationary band and its action on the pulleys to produce a reverse motion, are particularly explained in fig. 11, and its references; and the arrangement of the gear is a modified application of our improved gear spindle, described at fig. 4, and fig. 4 A. The change of the flexible sheet is effected by the same method as described in fig. 8, for spinning.

In compliance with the proviso contained in the royal grant as aforesaid, we have herein described our invention and improvements in such manner, that by reference to the drawings, any competent machinist will be able to construct the same; and this our improved machinery may be constructed of any suitable material convenient to the machine maker.-[Inrolled in the Rolls Chapel Office.]

To ALEXANDER BELL, of Chapel Place, in the borough of Southwark, engineer, for his having invented certain improvements in machinery for removing wool or hair from skins.-[Sealed 4th November 1830.]

IN preparing the down or beaver for the manufacture of hats, it is necessary, before shearing or cutting the down or beaver from the skins, to draw out the coarse long hairs which stand up above the down. This has been

usually done by the hands of women and children, and is technically termed pulling. The object of the present invention is to supersede this tedious and expensive process by the employment of a machine, in which the skin is progressively brought up to a pair of revolving pincers, which take hold of the ends of the hairs as the skin passes through the machine, and draw the hairs out, leaving the fine down or beaver upon the skin to be afterwards removed by the ordinary process of shearing or cutting.

The revolving pincers above mentioned consist of a pair of rollers, round each of which is coiled a spiral rib, and the edges of these ribs running in contact with each other, and taking hold of the ends of the hairs like pincers as they go round, draw the hairs out of the skin, and leave the soft down thereon untouched. In the accompanying drawings (see Plate VI), is exhibited the machine as seen in various positions, the several parts being referred to by corresponding letters in all the figures.

Fig. 1, is a front view of the machine, shewing the situation of the revolving spiral pincers and their mode of operating; fig. 2, is a horizontal or top view, in which the skin is seen passing through the machine; fig. 3, is a side elevation of the machine, and fig. 4, is an elevation of the reverse side, fig. 5, being a longitudinal section taken through the middle of the machine in a vertical direction, seen in the same position as fig. 3; a, a, are a pair of fluted rollers, which conduct the skin forward in a distended flat sheet under the breast bar b, over the edge of which it is drawn by the roller c. The pincers are formed by two spiral ribs, fixed round the rollers d, and e, which act against each other as they revolve in opposite directions.

In commencing the operation, the neck part of the skin is introduced between the rollers a, a, the furry surface

VOL. VIII-SECOND SERIES.

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