the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their VALIDITY of contracts or engagements. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into. before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.. VALUE. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign VALUE in controversy. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, &c. ...... VESSELS. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports VEST. Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior offices as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments VESTED in a President. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States VESTED in a Congress. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of VICE President shall have no vote in the Senate unless they be equally divided. The........ VICE President. The President shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued. VICE President of the United States. Qualification required as Vice President same as for President of the United States.... VICE President. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, VICE President shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, VICE President of the United States. Election of Vice President of the United States. (See VICE President. The lists of votes of electors of President and Vice President shall be directed VICE President. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Repre- VICE President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated.. VIRGINIA entitled to ten Representatives in the first Congress...... VOTE. The Vice President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided.... VOTE. Every vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President. (See Resolution.). VOTES in the two Houses of Congress, on passage of any bill, order, resolution or vote, returned WAR. Congress shall have power to declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make WAR. Congress shall have power to make rules ("rules and articles of war") for the government .... WAR. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually invaded, ....... or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay... ..... .......... WAR. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a WASHINGTON, President and deputy from Virginia, signed this Constitution. George. 3 ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued. WE the people establish this Constitution. sures.. ......... ...... 1 WELFARE. Constitution established to promote the general welfare WITNESS against himself. Nor shall any person be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself.. WITNESSES against him. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused to be confronted with the witnesses against him ....... ........ WITNESSES in his favor. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. WRITINGS. Exclusive right to writings may be secured by authors for a limited time WRIT of habeas corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it YEAS and nays of the members of either House of Congress, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the Journal. The YEAS and nays. Votes in the two Houses of Congress, on passage of any bill, order, resolution, or vote, returned with objections by the President, shall be taken by yeas and nays ..... ..... 1 3 3 1 19 5th amend. 26 6th amend. 27 6th amend. 27 1 8 8 1 9 2 CHAPTER 2. THE Confederation having given place to the American Union, under the Constitution of the United States, it was considered unnecessary to insert, in the first and second editions of this book, the Articles of Confederation, which were agreed to by the Delegates of the thirteen Original States, in Congress assembled, on the 15th November, 1777; ratified by eight States, on the 9th July, 1778; and finally ratified by all the States, on the 1st March, 1781; but on further consideration, those articles have been inserted at page 4:1, merely as matter of history, as it were out of place to mingle that inefficient form of government with the present approved and successful system, which has stood the test of more than half a century, and which is destined, under Divine Providence, not only to perpetuate the happiness and safety of the people of the United States, but to be the Great Exemplar of Nations, when governments shall, by the natural and just power of man, be brought to their legitimate purposes and uses-to establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the people. The matter contained in this chapter exhibits the deplorable condition of the finances and credit of the government under the old form, and the incompetency of the Congress of the Confederation to raise a revenue, support the public credit, regulate trade or commerce, or to provide for the wants and safety of the country; and it is intended thereby to show the immediate and prominent causes that led to the abandonment of that inefficient form, and the adoption of the present system of government; and, also, to show the official proceedings by which the change was effected and the present Constitution established. These facts and proceedings may prove a warning against the treasonable suggestions of the evil spirit, whose insidious and alluring temptations are, not unfrequently, directed towards the |