The Tribunal is directed in the first instance 10 to investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories belonging to or that might lawfully be claimed by the United Netherlands or the Kingdom of Spain respectively at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain 15 of the Colony of British Guiana. Great Britain claims through the United Netherlands the United States of Venezuela claim through Spain. The extent to which at the date of the acquisition of the Colony of British Guiana by 20 Great Britain territory in Guiana had been actually acquired by the United Netherlands or Spain respectively is the first step in examining the respective rights of Great Britain and Venezuela. The Treaty does not, however, contemplate that any act of Great Britain subsequent to the acquisition of the Colony by her as the successor 25 of the United Netherlands, or any act of the United States of Venezuela as the successor of Spain, should be disregarded. It is obvious that the investigation of the 5 extent of territory which might at the date of the acquisition of the Colony of British Guiana by Great Britain be lawfully claimed by the United Netherlands or the Kingdom of Spain is not in itself sufficient to enable the Tribunal to 10 determine the boundary-line. The action of Great Britain and Venezuela during the present century not only reflects great light upon the question as to the boundary between the Dutch and Spanish territory, but 15 also is of great importance in ascertaining the rights of the two nations under the Rules contained in Article IV of the Treaty. It is clear that possession during this century may confer a title under the Rules laid down in 20 Article IV. The Rules which are formulated in Article IV for the guidance of the Tribunal are as follows: Rule (a) adverse holding or prescription during a period of 50 years shall make a good 25 title. The Arbitrators may deem exclusive political control of a district, as well as actual settlement thereof, sufficient to constitute adverse holding, or to make title by prescription." This rule prescribes that when once the period 30 of fifty years is established all further discussion ends, whatever may have been the origin of the possession, and that exclusive political control may for this purpose constitute possession. A further direction contained in Rule (b), 35 Article IV, is as follows: "The Arbitrators may recognize and give effect to rights and claims resting on any other ground whatever, valid according to international law, and on any principles of international law 40 which the Arbitrators may deem to be applicable to the case, and which are not in contravention of the foregoing Rule." This direction was given in order to prevent any attempt to exclude the general principles 45 of international law applicable to the case. One of these principles is, that possession by one nation, however recent, confers a good title unless a superior title is shown by some other nation; and the application of this principle is 50 not excluded by the previous rule that fifty years Argument for Venezuela. Venezuelan Counter-Case, p. 116. adverse holding or prescription confers an absolute title. Lastly, it is provided by Rule (c) that "in determining the boundary-line, if territory of one party be found by the Tribunal to have 5 been at the date of this Treaty in the occupation of the subjects or citizens of the other party, such effect shall be given to such occupation as reason, justice, the principles of international law, and the equities of the case shall, in the 10 opinion of the Tribunal, require." This Rule is not intended to override the previous Rules, but it contemplates the case of the subjects or citizens of one nation being at the date of the Treaty in the occupation of 15 territory which would belong to the other if the boundary-line otherwise ascertained alone to be considered by the Arbitrators. was It enables the Tribunal to deal with every question likely to arise, and, in determining the 20 boundary, to take into account as a matter of equity the fact that territory which would otherwise be awarded to one of the Powers is occupied by subjects or citizens of the other, and to arrange for suitable compensation or adjustment. 25 The proposals which have from time to time been made in the diplomatic correspondence for an adjustment of the difference between Great Britain and Venezuela should not be taken into consideration by the Arbitrators in coming 30 At the root of the whole case, as presented on behalf of Venezuela, there lies the contention that Spain, by virtue of the Papal Bull of 1493, or by virtue of the first discovery of America 45 and the establishment of a settlement at Santo Thomé, became entitled to the whole territory lying between the Rivers Orinoco and Amazon and the Atlantic. Venezuelan Case, p. 99. pp. 12, 20, 23, Repeatedly in the Venezuelan Case and Counter-Case the Dutch are spoken of as trespassers, smugglers, raiders, and robbers; acts of Counter-Case, dominion by them appear to be regarded as un5 lawful and unjustifiable, whilst acts of the same character when done by the Spaniards are treated as proofs of ownership and the exercise of lawful authority. pp. 61-74. p. 13. In like manner it is alleged that the Dutch by Venezuelan Case, 10 settlement and occupation of certain points between those rivers became entitled only to the Counter-Case, actual spots settled and occupied and to no more, that the whole of this vast territory, other than the spots actually settled by the Dutch and 15 other nations, remained Spanish, and that Venezuela as the successor of Spain is entitled to that territory. This argument was incidentally met by anticipation in the British in the British Case and Counter-Case; but, inasmuch as in various Case, pp. 37–32. 20 passages in the Venezuelan Counter-Case it again appears, the grounds upon which Her Majesty's Government contend that no such claim can possibly be supported may again be briefly stated. British Case, P. 26. British Counter Alleged Rights of Spain under Papal Bull. British Case, p. 157. 25 The validity of the Papal Bull as affecting The claim of the United Netherlands to trade 35 to, settle and occupy those parts of America which were not in the actual possession of Spain, was in terms recognized by the Truce of 1609. Again in the year 1648, as is pointed out in 40 Chapter V of the British Counter-Case, Spain by the Treaty of Münster definitely acknowledged the right of the United Netherlands to settle and occupy any territories not in the actual occupation and possession of Spain. This Treaty 45 was confirmed by that of Utrecht in 1714. It is not necessary to repeat the detailed argument contained in Chapter V of the British Counter-Case, but it is relied upon as a complete answer to the contention that Spain or Venezuela 50 as her successor can put forward any valid claim British Counter- British Counter- British Case App., VII, pp. 90, 91. It was left to the Venezuelan diplomatists of the middle of the nineteenth century to introduce the Papal Bull as a foundation of the Venezuelan title, and to ground thereon a claim, at no time of any weight, which had been obsolete 20 for more than 300 years, and which Spain never thought of putting forward. The fact is, that from the beginning of the seventeenth century Spain treated the United Netherlands as capable of acquiring possessions 25 in South America in the same way and to the same extent as Spain herself might have been able to acquire them. The above facts are a conclusive answer to the suggestion that the operations of the Dutch 30 in South America are to be regarded as the acts of robbers, plunderers, and raiders, and make it impossible for any reliance to be placed by Venezuela upon the Papal Bull. Rights of Spain as First Discoverer. British Case, p. 149. The other ground upon which, as far as can be 35 gathered from the Venezuelan Case and CounterCase, it is attempted to claim for Spain the whole territory from the Orinoco to the Amazon is that Spain, by virtue of her first discovery of America and settlement at Santo Thomé, became entitled 40 to Guiana as a whole. This claim cannot possibly be supported on any principle known to international law. The rights which flow from first discovery are discussed in Chapter VII of the British 45 Case, and it is not desired here to repeat the principles of law to which reference is there made. The territory between the Orinoco and the |