Learning is better than wealth; culture is better than learning; WISDOM is better than culture. DEF. 7. Synecdoche 1 is the figure of speech by which the whole of a thing is put for a part, or a part for the whole; the genus for the species, or the species for the genus; and the like: as, Sail, for ship. Daily bread, for daily food. DEF. 8. Metonymy 2 is the use of the name of one object to represent some related object; as, Gray hairs, meaning old age. The fatal cup, meaning the drink in the cup. DEF. 9. Hy-per'bo-le consists in magnifying objects beyond their natural bounds, to make a statement more emphatic. "Swift as the wind," "Rivers of blood, and hills of slain," are hyperbolical expressions. DEF. 10. Apostrophe consists in addressing some absent person or thing as if present; as, Milton, thou shouldst be with us at this hour! DEF. 11. Irony is the use of words whose literal meaning is contrary to the real signification; as, — Brutus is an honorable [meaning not honorable] man! DEF. 12. Ellipsis is the omission of words grammatically necessary, but supplied by the thought. 1 Synecdoche (pron. sin-ek'do-ke, from the Greek sun, together with," and ekdechomai, “to understand in a certain sense." 2 Metonymy (pron. me-ton'í-mi), from the Greek meta, implying change," and onoma, a name." II. DEF. 13. The direct or grammatical order of words is their ordinary prose arrangement. DEF. 14. The indirect or rhetorical order of words is an inverted arrangement of words adopted to make a statement more impressive. In the sentence, "I shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny the atrocious crime of being a young man," the words are arranged in the grammatical order, -subject, verb, object; but in the form, "The atrocious crime of being a young man, I shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny," the words are arranged in the indirect or rhetorical order. DEF. 15. A period is a sentence in which, by using an inverted order of words, the meaning is suspended till the close or near the close. DEF. 16. A loose sentence is one which may be brought to a grammatical close at one or more points before the end. PERIOD. On the rich and the eloquent, on nobles and priests, the Puritans looked down with contempt. LOOSE SENTENCE. -The Puritans looked down with contempt on the rich and the eloquent, | on nobles and priests. III. DEF. 17. Description is the representation of things observed at any one point of time. DEF. 18. Narration is the report of a succession of events observed in the order of time. DEF. 19. Exposition is the discussion of principles. DEF. 20. Poetry, in its mechanism, is that kind of composition in which words are arranged in lines (verses) containing a definite number and succession of accented and unaccented syllables. DEF. 21. Rhyme is that species of verse in which is found concord of sounds in words at the end of lines. DEF. 22. Blank verse consists of unrhymed lines containing five feet of two syllables each, with the accent on the second syllable. DEF. 23. A refrain is a phrase or verse which occurs at the end of each of the stanzas of a poem. DEF. 24. Style is the peculiar manner in which thought is expressed in language. There are many descriptive words used to denote the various kinds of style, and the meaning of these the pupil may look up in the dictionary; as, figurative, flowery, plain, verbose, terse, simple, sublime, witty, epigrammatic. CLASSIC ENGLISH READER. INTRODUCTORY READINGS. [These introductory pieces are out of the chronologic order of authors, which begins with Shakespeare, p. 24: they are designed to stimulate a love of reading by showing what several illustrious men have said on the subject of books.] 1.-BOOKS OF THE HOUR AND BOOKS OF ALL TIME. JOHN RUSKIN. the books The good ALL books are divisible into two classes, of the hour and the books of all time. book of the hour is simply the useful or pleasant talk of some person with whom you can not converse, printed for you. Very useful, often, telling you what you want to know; very pleasant, often, as a sensible friend's talk would be. These bright accounts of travels, good-humored and witty discussions of questions, lively or pathetic storytelling in the form of a novel, firm fact-telling by the real agents concerned in the events of passing history, all these books of the hour, multiplying among us as education becomes more general, are a peculiar characteristic and possession of the present age. We ought to be entirely thankful for them, and entirely ashamed of ourselves if we make no good use of them. But we make the worst possible use, if we allow them to usurp the place of true books; for, strictly speaking, they are not books at all, but merely letters or newspapers in good print. A book is essentially, not a talked thing, but a written thing; and written, not with the view of mere communication, but of permanence. The book of talk is printed only because its author can not speak to thousands of people at once; if he could, he would: the volume is mere multiplication of his voice. You can not talk to your friend in India; if you could, you would you write instead; that is mere conveyance of voice. But a book is written, not to multiply the voice merely, not to carry it merely, but to preserve it. The author has something to say which he perceives to be true and useful, or helpfully beautiful. So far as he knows, no one has yet said it; so far as he knows, no one else can say it. He is bound to say it, clearly, and melodiously if he can; clearly, at all events. In the sum of his life, he finds this to be the thing, or group of things, manifest to him; this the piece of true knowledge, or sight, which his share of sunshine and earth has permitted him to seize. He would fain set it down for ever, engrave it on rock, if he could; saying, "This is the best of me; for the rest, I ate and drank and slept, loved and hated, like another; my life was as the vapor, and is not: but this I saw and knew; this, if any thing of mine, is |