different thing in monarchies, where the laws are made more in favor of the king and state than the accused. The advice of the senate divides or lessens the responsibility of the president.

ments.

A treaty is a compact made by nations through their governIt would have been an anomaly to give the treaty power to the executive exclusively, while all our laws are made by an assemblage of legislators; hence, the advice and consent of the senate. The house of representatives has nothing to do with treaties, but may be required to enact in consequence of treaties financial laws, without giving them the right to alter such treaties. President and senate appoint diplomatic and other public officers, without concurrence of the house. The clause is well devised. The small branch of the legislature is well adapted for a state council. The appointing power includes the removing power; it is lodged with the president according to a sound doctrine, for the constitution is silent on it. If the concurrence of the senate was required for a removal from office, this part of the responsible office of the president would or could be surrounded with vexatious delays, obnoxious to the public service. To trouble the senate with advising about the appointment of postmasters, and the like officials, would be superfluous, because a refusal would be probably resented by a delay in nominating. Engagements for offices in state or private relations, depends much upon personal acquaintance, qualifications, and inclination of favor. The president must be at liberty to appoint officials who correspond with these requisites. This is the custom everywhere.

If a convention or treaty with a foreign government concerns a certain business, the first ceases when the latter has been achieved. The French government found it in its interest from national jealousy, to support the American colonies in their struggle for independence against England, and entered into a treaty with them about it, with this struggle terminated the treaty. There is nothing entangling in such special arrangements, just as little as in a mutual support of neighbors in case of a conflagration. But a treaty like that known under the name of Bulwer and Clayton treaty, which stipulates that the Isthmus shall remain for ever as it is, and neither occupied by ourselves nor the English, anticipates business, events, and changes, over which we must have free control at all times, and is, therefore, eminently entangling and

undiplomatic. Turkey was wantonly attacked by the Czar; France and England allied themselves to help the aggressed. This successfully done, according to sound doctrine, the alliance should cease. If it is prolonged by intrigue, one of the parties will feel the consequence of the blunder in season.

Our government entered into a treaty with England, France, Spain, etc., to stop the slave-trade in Africa, by keeping the coast blockaded for this purpose. While we keep watch on the coast, the English, French, and Spaniards, carry on the trade under another name, or indirectly. Such a treaty is false diplomacy. Its object ought to be reached at home. With the import of slaves ceases the export alone.

"3. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session."

The business order requires such a proviso. If a temporary officer should be rejected by the senate, justice and propriety, or comity, require that the president should not appoint him again during the recess of the senate. If he does the constitution does not distinctly forbid it—the house of representatives, keeping the purse-strings, may withhold the appropriation, and thus dispose the president to agree with the senate. It is the practice that the president can not create the office of minister during the recess of the senate without its consent.

So far as I am acquainted with the business connection between our presidents and the senate, it has always been of a friendly character. Why should it be otherwise under such a constitution?

Messages.

LETTER XXIV.

- Ambassadors.- Commissions. Chateaubriand. — Impeachment of President, Vice-President, and other Officers, for Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.-Pensions.

SOON we shall have done with our mighty president and then turn a new leaf, and make acquaintance with the grave federal judiciary.

SECTION III.

"1. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States."

The custom of written messages originated with President Jefferson. It affords a timely opportunity to lay down a certain plan for legislative action, based upon necessity, business experience, and principles, necessary for large legislative bodies, whose members, too often, bring but vague notions about the constitutional public business to Washington and other capitols. These messages and the reports of the chief heads of the departments are considered our most valuable papers. They best prove the abilities which have managed our public affairs. In return, Congress has the right to call, at any time, for information and executive documents.

He receives ambassadors, dismisses, or rejects them too, as he sees proper. The care that the laws be faithfully executed would be a useless phrase without the power of instantaneous removal in the case of malpractice.

Many of these ministerial provisoes, adapted to present usages are subject to the reforming influence of time. If the government should prefer to appoint only consuls, and dispense with ambassadors entirely, as, indeed, superfluous in a good political system,

according to the opinion of the late ambassador, Count Chateaubriand, who said, "le tems des ambassades est passé et celui des consulates arrivé," our constitution would not be against the adopting of such reforms.

SECTION IV.

"1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors."

This clause does not exclude or prohibit removals on other grounds-and thus ends the article which makes our four years king.

Salaries and pensions are an important item in our age, where every man of a little wit strives to make a fortune as fast as possible. Civilians and soldiers also love to accumulate. Good services ought to be adequately remunerated, either by fees or annual salaries. The first are prescribed, in regard to the latter the rule is, that they preclude all fees and extras for office outlays, travelling, etc., if not expressly reserved. There are a number of offices which require very little regular office attention, and are honorable and influential, which should be therefore unsalaried. All town (mayor) and county (overseer) executives belong to this class. The occupiers should imitate the example of Washington, who never accepted a salary, but only his outlays restituted; mere ambitious speculators would be thus kept off, and retired citizens of standing induced to devote their time to such functions. The English fashion of allowing high and low aristocratic lazy officials to appoint deputies, who do their work, should be discarded with us, because it produces sinecures and an inclination to extort.

Is it impossible to organize the common defence of our Union without the help of the European pension system? We have no standing army in the proper European sense of the word, but only some troops to guard the forts and boundaries, who are comparatively well paid. We pay per head over one thousand dollars, while Great Britain pays about four hundred dollars, France, one hundred and fifty dollars, Austria, one hundred and ten dollars, and Russia eighty dollars, army and naval expenses. To keep the large armies in Europe in such pay as ours, would exhaust the resources of the wealthiest nation at once. There

fore they make their use of pensions, orders, badges of nobility, certain offices reserved by law for soldiers out of service, etc., to make it acceptable and popular. Moreover, the princes, when fighting against each other, to promote their interests and that of the aristocracy and opium dealers, make their soldiers believe they fight for civilization and Christianity. En passant, it must puzzle the government in London, fighting for civilization and Christianity, when General Outram, after the occupation of Lucknow, declared in a public proclamation to the people of Oude, that the government had not the least idea of making war against the religion of the Hindoos! Again, while we have nothing to do with such things, is it, I ask, impossible to provide for the common defence of this home of the proud freemen of America, without the pension system, invented by European princes of the school of Machiavelli, to keep standing armies, that is, human machines without whose prop their thrones would fare like that of the king of Oude?

I wish we could, for soon will civil pensions in the Union and states become fashionable too. There would then be a degrading, corrupting precedent, less in the country.

LETTER XXV.

Officers, their desire to earn Money like the rest. - Parties kept together by monied interest. - Majority in Elections. - Right to the Spoils. — Opposition to the Party in Power.- Court Favor in Monarchies. Election Expenses. Difficulties in filling Offices. - Catherine de Medicis. - Chancellor Hopital. Selling of Offices. - Swiss sell Offices.. Self-government curtails Offices. - Paul. - Parties outside the Constitution. - Platforms.Logrolling. Party should cease in Congress when sworn in. -Presidential Patronage. -- Political Martyrs a Nuisance. - Factitious Speaking. — Demagogues.-American Women. -Benjamin Franklin. - Office-seeking.

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BEFORE we part with the chief of our Union, the successor of Washington, I must write a word or two more on his business. It is his duty to appoint a large number of officers, who must be paid for services. These, naturally, are as fond of making money as the rest of us. Liberty of industry produces industrious, specu