Shortly afterwards Sir Richard Levison, who commanded the Queen's fleet at Kinsale, proceeded to Castlehaven with six warships. A hot encounter took place, and according to the "Pacata Hibernia" book ii. c. 19), the Spaniards were utterly defeated, one of their ships was sunk and three others driven on the rocks. After obtaining this signal victory the Admiral was anxious to return to Kinsale, but contrary winds kept him in the harbour for twenty-four hours, during which the Spaniards kept up a continuous fire which caused "great danger and little loss." On the night of the 8th Dec. (old style) Levison left Castlehaven Harbour.

Philip O'Sullivan Beare gives a different account of this engagement. He says that his uncle, O'Sullivan Beare, who was then in Bantry, came to Zubiaur's aid with 500 men; O'Driscoll More, O'Donovan, and the McCarthys also joined him. The Spaniards vehemently attacked the English fleet. Sixty Englishmen who attempted to spoil the corn-fields were cut to pieces. At the first favourable wind Levison quitted the harbour having lost 575 men. On the Irish side one (a relative of Zubiaur) was killed and two (one Irish and one Spaniard) were wounded ("Catholic History," tom. iii., lib. vi.).

After the battle of Kinsale Red Hugh O'Donnell proceeded to Spain to seek further aid from the Spanish king. The Four Masters thus chronicle his departure. "A.D. 1602. On the 6th of January O'Donnell with his heroes took shipping at Cuan-an-Chaislein." Cuan an ċaislein (now Cuan an ċaisleáin), which the Spaniards called Porto Castello and O'Sullivan Beare latinizes into Portu Castellum, is of course Castlehaven. It was in Zubiaur's ships that Red Hugh O'Donnell sailed thence for Spain. "The 8th and 20th of December [old style] information was brought that Pedro Zubiaur, who was, as it is said, a great commander of the Spanish fleet that came to Kinsale, was lately landed at Castlehaven, and hearing of Tyrone's overthrow made no stay but set sail for Spain, carrying with him O'Donnell, Redmond Burke, and Hugh Mostian."-" Pacata Hibernia."

Father Mooney in his account of the Francisc: n Morasteries, gives a very interesting character sketch of Red High. In Father Meehan's "Irish Franciscan Monasteries," Father Mooney is represented as saying, "I was the last to kiss Red Hugh's hand on the beach of Castlehaven,"

One of the articles of Don Juan's surrender was that the Spaniards should give up Castlehaven to Carew, and Captain Harvey was dispatched to get possession of the castle. Before Harvey's arrival Donogh O'Driscoll had however contrived to take possession of it "by a sleight." The Spaniards were preparing to undermine the castle with a view to

re-capturing it, when Harvey arrived, "whereupon O'Driscoll surrendered it uppon a composition to depart in safetie" (" Pac. Hib.").

At the Myross side of Castlehaven Harbour, near Reen or Galleon Point, are several remains of the entrenchments thrown up by the Spaniards, from which they bombarded a ship of Admiral Levison's that went aground there, from which circumstance the place was called Galleon Point. Near by are also mounds of earth beneath which were buried the Spaniards who were killed. Here also are remains still called Spanish Ovens, which they used for culinary purposes, consisting of a deep pit surrounded by a circular wall,

After the conclusion of the war, Castlehaven was granted to George Touchet, Lord Audley, who was created Earl of Castlehaven in 1616. Found guilty of abominable crimes, he was executed in England in 1631. The report of his trial will be found in the third volume of Cobbett's State Trials.

A Dowager Countess of Castlehaven was living in this castle in Bishop Dive Downes' time. The Audley Estates were sold in the Incumbered Estates' Court in 1851.

Lettertinlis Castle. Smith says that this castle belonged to the McCarthys. It was probably held by the Clan Dermot branch of that sept. Returning from the siege of Dunboy, Carew, on June 28th, 1602, captured Lettertinlis Castle, which was then held by Conor, son of Sir Fineen O'Driscoll. "After the souldiers had made pillage of the goods, wee burned and destroyed the castle and stone hall, and rode thence to Tymolagg" ("Pac. Hib.," p. 580). Only the mere site of the castle now remains, about two miles distance from Castlehaven Castle.

In the winter of 1855 a large "school" of whales invaded Castlehaven Harbour, several of which were killed by the natives.

Castle Townshend. According to Smith this village was anciently called Sleughleigh. It takes its present name from Colonel Richard Townshend, an officer of the Long Parliament, who rendered great service to Cromwell. Within the demesne are the ruins of the castle which he is said to have built.

Smith relates that in 1690, during the Jacobite War, "five hundred of the rebels under young Colonel O'Driscoll, attempted to burn the mansion house of Castletownshend in West Carbery; but they missed of their aim, and were so well received by the garrison, consisting of about 35 men, that 12 of them dropped upon the first volley, and under a second attack, O'Driscoll, Captain Teige Donovan, Captain Croneen, and about 30 others were slain, and so many more were wounded that they were forced to retire with loss and shame."

"In this attack," says Story, "one Captain Mac Ronaine, with drawn

sword endeavoured to hinder his men's retreat, but he being killed they got away. Several of them had bundles of straw on their breasts to resist the shot, but notwithstanding they were killed on the spot." The mansion house was afterwards captured by Mac Fineen O'Driscoll, and subsequently re-captured by Colonel Culliford.

A short distance from the castle is situated the parish graveyard in a secluded glen. In the graveyard are the remains of a chapel, which is said to have been St. Barrahane's, and near by is his holy well.

The castle opposite Castlehaven, viz. :—Rajtín (Raheen), is in the parish of Myross. It belonged to the Clancahill O'Donovans, whose district was divided into (1) the Manor of Castle Donovan, (2) the Manor of Rahyne. The nuncupative will of O'Donovan of Rahine, 1629, is still extant. He bequeaths his body to be buried in Timoleague Abbey.

Local Names and Antiquities. Ardgeehane, Árd Gaotáin, hill of the breeze; Adrigole, Eadair dá gabail, between two (river) forks; Burryroe, Borraide ruad, red ridges; Bawnishal, Bán ireal, low-lying field; Ballycahane, Bail' uí Catáin, O'Kane's land; Cullinagh, Cuilloinneaċ, holly-wood; Drishane, Dríseán, bramble place.

Farranagilla. In the McCarthy Reagh Inquisition of 1636, this is written Farran-mac-gully-michil, while in the Copinger grants it is Farrangilleevihil, i.e., Fearann uí Giollaṁicil, O'Gillamichael's land.

Farranconner, Fearann Conċobair, Conogher's land; Farrandaw, Fearann Daibjo, David's land; Fahoura, Faiżċe jubraċ, exercise green of the yew tree; Forenaught, Fórnoċt, cold bare land; Glasheenaulin, Ġlaisín áluinn, beautiful streamlet; Yokane, Geocán, a neck of land; Reendacussane, Rinn da cuasán, headland of two covelets; Gorteenalomane, Goirtín na lomán, little field of the stripped trees (or of the ensigns); Crosslea, Cros liat (grey cross) or Cros slize, a by-road; Gortbrack, Gort breac, speckled field; Gortacrossig, Gort a' ċrosaig. I am informed by Canon Lyons that Crosac was applied to a buffoon who went around on feast days wearing a cross and publishing mock sentences of excommunication.

Lettertinlis, Lettertanlis or Letter, is probably leitir a' t-sean (or T-sinn) lis, marshy slope of the old lios.

Knockdruma, Cnoc droma, hill of the ridge. Here are the splendid remains of an extensive caiċir or careal. The circumvallating wall is nearly 320 feet in circumference, 10 feet thick, and eight feet broad. On the eastern side of the enclosure is a pillar-stone with a cross engraved on it. Near the south-western angle are three semi-subterranean chambers, hewn out of the solid rock, and communicating with each other by means of narrow circular apertures. In the centre are

the remains of what appears to have been a clocán (bee-hived shape stone house).

This cahir must have been the residence of some Lugadian chieftain. Miss Stokes describes these huge stone fortresses in her "Early Christian Art," part ii. pp. 33-38. "They may have been in existence two centuries before the introduction of Christianity into Ireland; but at all events, they appear to have continued in use after the introduction of Christianity, and many instances are recorded in the 'Lives of the Saints' of a king or chieftain on his conversion to Christianity offering to God his oún or fortress, so that the missionary and his followers might erect their little cells and oratory within the area of the amphitheatre" (p. 37).

The pillar-stone with the cross engraved on it leads to the belief that a monastic cell was also erected at Knockdroma. It perhaps marks the grave or bed of some missionary.

Over the roof of one of the semi-subterannean chambers is a ventilating hole. This leads one to infer that these chambers were probably used as winter retreats. There is also a rude kind of ventilating shaft at the western end.

The remains of the clochan to which I have referred are quite close to the entrance to these chambers, and everything indicates that they were used in connection with each other. These chambers may have also been used as granaries and kitchens.

Brade. We often find the word Braid in connection with hills, as Bráid Alban in Scotland. The Four Masters (anno 1586) mention a mountain called Bráid slab (now Brawleeve, Braid sliab). [In O'Donovan's grants Brade is written Bra.] It is perhaps the same word as Brázad (neck, breast, gorge).

In this townland is a ruined little church called "white church," and a pretty little graveyard, where the Jervoises and Powells are buried.

There are several lakes in this district, such as Loch Banousal (Bean uasal, a lady); Doolough, (Dub loċ, black lake), and Aghills. The latter is said to be so-called from ajċil, which is stated to be the Irish for a species of fresh-water eel found in this lake. Shell-fish and wrinkles are also mentioned as having been found there. There is a local saying:

"Dá loc deug na h-aiċilliŻ

Azur dub loc an t-Sraoitleáin."

"The twelve lakes of Aghills,

And the black lake of Shreelane."

Dr. Joyce refers Aghills to eóċoll (a yew wood). Canon Lyons Suggests it is cognate with the Lat. collis. If so, it is same root as English hill and German huegel.