tubes, one inside the other, passing through the ceiling into the outer air. The inner one is larger than the outer one, and projects above it outside and below it an inch or so into the room. At its lower end a circular rim is attached horizontally parallel to the ceiling. The outer air enters between these two tubes, and is deflected by the rim just mentioned along the ceiling, so that it does not fall straight into the room. The vitiated hot air passes out by the inner tube, the action of which is, of course, considerably increased if a gas burner or other light be placed beneath it. It is upon this principle that the lamps for lighting railway carriages are made, the reflector answering the purpose of the rim round the end of the inner tube, and the air to supply the lamp coming in between the reflector and the glass shade, while the products. of combustion escape through the pipe leading from the middle of the reflector, and immedietely over the flame. Of course Mackinnell's ventilator requires a

cover to keep out the rain, and it is necessary, in fact, to have a double cover, so that the heated air which escapes by the inner tube shall not be carried back into the room by the entering air. Tossel's ventilator is a variety of this, with a cover by means of which the action of the wind is able to be taken advantage of. The same inventor has also contrived one which can be used between the ceiling of one room and the floor of the room above, provided that this space can be well ventilated.

This brings us naturally to say a little about lighting. Candles, lamps, and gas, help to render the air impure. It is calculated that two sperm candles, or one good oil lamp, render the air about as impure as one man does, whereas one gas burner will consume as much oxygen and give out as much carbonic acid as five or six men, or even more. This is why it is commonly considered that gas is more injurious than lamps or candles, and so it is when the quantities of light are not compared, but with the same

quantity of light, gas renders the air of a room less impure than either lamps or candles. If, in the dining-room, instead of using five or six gas burners, as we too often do without any provision for the escape of the products of combustion, we used 40 or 50 sperm candles instead of 6 or 8, we should have a fairer comparison between gas and candles.

I have no time to enter into a discussion of the relative merits of various kinds of candles and lamps, but with regard to gas I would say that, considering the fact I have just stated, it is always advisable to provide a means of escape for the products of combustion immediately over the gas burners. By this, not only may these products be carried away, but, with a little contrivance, heated air may be drawn out of the room at the same time, and so an efficient exit shaft provided, in addition to the one found already in the chimney. Very simple contrivances will answer this purpose. A pipe, with a funnel

shaped end, starting from over the gas burner, and carried straight out into the open air, with a proper inlet opening, is all that is required in some instances, as in badly placed closets. For large rooms, the sunlight ventilators are found to answer admirably. They should be provided with a glass shade, placed below them to intercept the glare, and to cut off a large portion of the heat. An elegant contrivance for dwelling-rooms is Benham's ventilating globe light. In this, the products of combustion of the gas pass along a pipe, placed between the ceiling and the floor of the room above, into one of the flues. pipe, being surrounded by another opening into the ceiling of the room at one end, and into the flue at the other, is guarded at its entrance to the flue by a valve which can be easily shut when the gas is not burning. This double tube, as it passes under the floor of the room above, is covered with a fire-proof material, so that the floor is not affected by it. The joists, where they are notched,

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have iron bearers put across to support the floor boards above. Air is admitted by another pipe passing through the wall of the house into the external air, and ending also in the ceiling of the room by openings around those of the exit shaft. Thus warm air is introduced into the room at the same time that vitiated air from the upper part of the room, and also the products of combustion of the gas, are carried out of it into the chimney flue.

I may say a few words about some grates and stoves that have been devised with the view of combining ventilation and heating. The first of these is Captain Douglass Galton's grate, in which there is an air chamber placed around the flue, and communicating on one side with the external air, and on the other with the atmosphere of the room by various apertures. The outer air which passes into this chamber is warmed by contact with the heated flue, and issues into the room, thus supplying the room with warmed air, and utilizing a consid