out" closet the basin is provided with a flushing rim, and the siphon is separate from the basin, so that it can be turned in any direction necessary. In Bostel s "Excelsior" closet the basin and the siphon are in one piece of earthenware, and the outlet at the back of the basin. The water-supply pipe is made to enter the basin by two branches, one on each side, and a flushing rim is provided. At the back of the basin is a vertical opening leading directly into the siphon, by means of which anything improperly thrown into the closet can be removed. An over-flow-pipe is also provided, but this is, in most instances, useless. Dodd's "Wash-out" closet is somewhat similar in shape to the others, but has a ventilating pipe attached to the discharge pipe immediately beyond the siphon. An inch and a quarter supply pipe should be used with these closets, and where there is less than six feet fall, one and a half inch pipes may be used with advantage. Fowler's closets are suitable for use in poor neighborhoods,

especially when there is an insufficient. supply of water. In this system, rain, sink and other waste waters are made to wash out the trap of the closet.

The closet apparatus most commonly used in the interior of houses is that known as the "pan" closet, and is a most mischievous contrivance. The basin is conical, and below it is placed a metal pan capable of holding water, into which the lower part of the basin dips. This pan can be moved by the pull-up apparatus of the closet inside a large iron box called the "container," placed under the seat of the closet, and into the top of which the conical basin is fixed. This "container" has a 4-inch outlet at the lower part of it, leading into a trap placed below the floor, the trap being generally a lead "D" trap, from which a 4-inch pipe passes to the soil-pipe, which conveys the refuse from the closets into the sewer. The great fault of the "pan" closet consists in the large iron "container," which is merely a reservoir for foul air, as it always becomes very filthy

inside. When the pull-up apparatus is worked, the pan is swung from its position below the basin, and its contents thrown into the "container," the sides of which are splashed with foul matters, and cannot possibly be cleaned. Besides this, the container leads into the D-trap, which always contains foul matters, and gives off foul air into the container. At the same time that the contents of the pan are thrown into the container, foul air from the latter is forced into the house. This can only be partly remedied by providing a ventilating pipe for the container, and carrying it out of doors, but I have more than once seen a ventilating hole drilled into the container, and no pipe attached to it, so that foul air from the container was driven out with a puff that would blow out a candle, each time that the closet was used, and this in closets immediately connected with bedrooms. The D-trap

should not be used at all either under closets or sinks. It consists of a lead box shaped like the letter D, placed

thus, . The outlet pipe starts close to the top at one end, and the inlet pipe passes down to an inch or so below the level of the lower part of the outlet. Of conrse water remains in this trap up to the level of the outlet, so that the inlet pipe dips into it an inch or more. The D-traps are never washed out thoroughly at each use of the closet. A deposit of foul matter takes place in them, and foul air is generated. This gradually corrodes the lead, and eats holes through it at the upper part of the trap. I have here several specimens of D-traps with holes eaten through them by the foul air. Such holes, of course, form a means of escape for the foul air from the sewer into the house. The trap is generally made of sheet lead, and not cast in one piece of lead; but an improved form has been made by Messrs. Gascoyne, which is cast in one piece, and in which the inlet pipe is placed at one end, so that there is no space left between it and the end of the trap, for paper, &c., to accumulate in. Instead of a D-trap, where a

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lead trap is used, it should be an S-trap. or P-trap of 4-inch cast lead. This is flushed out by each use of the closet. lead tray is usually placed on the floor underneath the closet apparatus, the trap being placed sometimes above and sometimes below it. The object of this tray is to prevent any overflow from the closet soaking into the floor and perhaps through into the ceiling below, causing serious annoyance, and perhaps a great nuisance. This tray is commonly called the "safe" of the closet, but, as generally constructed, any other word in the language would be more applicable to it. It is, of course, provided with a waste pipe, and this waste-pipe is almost invariably carried into the D-trap, when there is one below the safe, but it is not unfrequently carried straight into the soil-pipe, with or without a siphon bend on it. When carried into the D-trap, it is usually made to enter below the surface of the foul water therein contained, but I have not unfrequently seen them. carried straight into the top of the trap,