THIS edition of the text of the Rig-Veda, the first complete edition of that ancient text in both the Samhita and Pada form is chiefly intended to answer the requirements of students in India. The Rig-Veda, the oldest book of Indian literature, has very properly been made one of the principal class-books for those who study Sanskrit in the schools and colleges in India, and though at present a scholar-like knowledge of the Vedic hymns is in the examinations required of the more advanced students only, yet, as soon as editions, translations, grammars, and dictionaries shall have rendered the study of these ancient documents more accessible, I doubt not that the time will come when no one in India will call himself a Sanskrit scholar, who cannot construe the hymns of the ancient Rishis of his country. What should we think of a Greek scholar who could read Euripides or Anakreon, but could not construe Homer? Yet that is, or, at all events, will be the position of a Sanskrit scholar who professes to pass in Sakuntalā and Amaru, but is unable to understand the best hymns of the Rig-Veda.

When this new demand for a complete edition of the Rig-Veda arose, it was clearly impossible to meet it by a reprint of my large edition, containing both text and commentary. The first volume of that edition is out of print, and, without the liberal assistance of the Governinent, no reprint of it could be brought out, except at a price that would place the book beyond the reach of most scholars. All that might be done, would be to reprint the first Adhyāya for schools; for it may be safely said, to use the words of Sãyana, that he who has honestly worked his way through that first book, is able to understand all the rest of Sãyana's commentary.

But even a reprint of the text only of the Rig-Veda was by no means an easy undertaking. I have sometimes been blamed for not having published such an edition long ago. All that I can say is that I was most anxious, but that I was too poor to do it. I began an edition of the two texts of the Rig-Veda in the year 1856, but, though everything was ready, the expense of the undertaking proved too great to allow the German publisher to continue the work to the end. It was only through the liberality of a wealthy Academy that the Editor of the "Indische Studien" was enabled to publish a transcript into Roman letters by Prof. Aufrecht, and this for the Samhita-text only, with extracts from the Pada-text. In answer to certain ill-natured misrepresentations reflecting on the promoters of that undertaking, I can only say that, if I did not complain because the text of two out of ten Mandalas might thus seem to have been snatched from my edition, it was hardly for others to complain in my name. What I said in the preface to the first volume of my translation of the Rig-Veda, I say here again: "No one could have rejoiced more sincerely than I did at the publication of the Romanised transliteration of the Rig-Veda, carried out with so much patience and accuracy by Prof. Aufrecht. It showed that there was a growing interest in this, the only true Veda; it showed that even those who could not read Sanskrit in the original Devanagari, wished to have access to the original text of these ancient hymns; it showed that the study of the Veda had a future before it like no other book of Sanskrit literature. My learned friend Prof. Aufrecht has been most unfairly charged with having printed his Romanised text me insciente vel invito. My edition of the Rig-Veda is publici juris, like any edition of Homer or Plato, and anybody might have reprinted it, either in Roman or Devanagari letters. But far from keeping me in ignorance of his useful enterprise, Prof. Aufrecht applied to me for the loan of the MSS. of the two Mandalas which I had not yet published, and I lent them to him most gladly, because, by seeing them printed at once, I felt far less guilty in delaying the publication of the last volumes of my edition of the text and commentary." And, in order to remove all possible misunderstandings, I take this opportunity of stating, that when Prof. Aufrecht applied to me, I lent him, not my transcript of these MSS., but the MSS. themselves on which my text is founded (see Preface to the first volume of my edition, 1849, pp vii-x), because without them, as he wrote to me, he found it impossible to give a correct text of that portion which I had not yet published.

An edition of the Rig-Veda in Roman letters, however useful in Europe, was of course of little assistance in India. It had no doubt the advantage of being cheap, and this chiefly owing to the liberal subsidy from the Berlin Academy; hut it proved again, what was known before, that it is physically impossible to avoid a large number of mistakes and misprints in transcribing Sanskrit texts, more particularly with accents, in any European alphabet.

After the reprint of the Samhita and Pada-texts which I had begun in 1856 at Leipzig had to be discontinued, a complete edition of the Rig-Veda in Devanagari characters remained for a long time a desideratum, till at last Mr. Trübner, encouraged by promises of support from Indian and European subscribers, declared himself ready to undertake the risk. I gladly promised to supply the MS. with all the corrections marked in my own copy during the last twenty years, and I only stipulated that I should be relieved from the task of correcting the proofsheets. All promised well, when the printing was interrupted, twice by strikes, and again by the war, which delayed the delivery of new types from Germany. By these untoward accidents not only was the publication unavoidably retarded, but the estimated expense of the undertaking nearly doubled. Subscribers, however, will receive their copies at the price which was fixed before these strikes, and which even then would only have been sufficient to cover the real outlay, without allowing any remuneration either to the publisher or to the editor. The large pecuniary loss thus incurred will have to be borne by Mr. Trübner and myself. It will be seen that to subscribers the price of each copy in Devanagari letters is no more than the price of the reprint in Roman letters, published at Berlin.

In order to secure the greatest possible amount of correctness in reprinting the two texts of the Rig-Veda, a young, but already distinguished Sanskrit scholar, Dr. Thibaut, was engaged to read the proof-sheets. They were read three or even four times before they were finally ordered for press, and I have that confidence in his accuracy that I believe few texts, particularly texts with accents, will prove so free from misprints as the present. While all the credit for this part of the work belongs to him, he gratefully acknowledges the zeal of the printers, both at Oxford and Hertford, who vied with each other in producing the most faultless proof-sheets. However, there is nothing perfect on earth, and I am bound to confess that, during the printing, some letters have here and there been spoiled, and some accents broken,—a mishap against which even the gods fight in vain.

The plan followed in reprinting the two texts has been to begin with the Pada-text, as requiring far more space than the Samhita-text, to print the former as close as possible, and then to set up the Samhita-text, so as to make each page of Pada correspond to a page of Samhitā. In order to preserve the parallelism of the pages, it was necessary to leave out the small lines which separate the padas, also the iti's, and the it's with the repetition of the words. The omission of the separating lines was of no consequence, but when the MSS. give an iti, I have used instead the sign ", when they give iti and repeat the word, I have marked this by the sign O. As there was still some space over on the Samhita page, the number of verses of each hymn, the names of the authors, deities, and metres were added, as much as possible in the words of the Sarvānukrama, and we have thus succeeded in the difficult task of producing an edition in which, from beginning to end, one page of Pada corresponds to one page of Samhita-text. Had I printed the Samhita-text by itself, the saving of space would have been considerable; but it will be seen that even thus the number of pages occupied by the Samhita-text, printed in the largest Devanagari characters, is less than that of the Romanised transcript. No one who knows the peculiarity of the Sanskrit alphabet would suppose that a Roman transcript could ever occupy less space than the original Devanagari. We have here used the largest Devanagari types, we lost much space in having to print the accents above and below the letters, and had thus only twenty-four lines on each page against twenty-seven lines in the Romanised text (exclusive of notes), and yet the sum total of our pages is only 844, against 920 pages required for the transcript in Roman letters. The expense of printing with Devanagari letters is unfortunately becoming greater every year, and with the competition of native publishers in India, it will soon become impossible to print any Sanskrit texts in Europe. I am, however, authorized to state by Mr. Trübner, who undertook this work from a purely literary interest, that as soon as the loss which we have incurred shall be covered, the price of the work will be considerably reduced, so as to make it the cheapest Sanskrit text ever published.

I had prepared an index of the names of the authors, deities, metres, the beginnings of each verse, also a long list of errata which may be useful to those who possess either my original edition of the Rig-Veda or Professor Aufrecht's transcript, enabling them in each passage to see (1) the errata in the editio princeps, (2) the errata either repeated or corrected in Prof. Aufrecht's reprint, (3) the errata, now corrected for the first time in this edition, either on the authority of Prâtisâkhya, or of the best MSS. All this, however, must wait for the present, till there are new funds available for printing.

OXFORD, March, 1873.

M. M.

[SPECIMEN PAGE.]

अ०२.अ०१.व°२४.]

॥१२१॥ [म०१.अ० २०. सू० १३५०

इरध्यै दक्षं सचैत ऊतर्यः । सधीचीना नियुतों दावने धिय उप ब्रुवत ई॒ धिय॑ः ॥ २ ॥ वा॒युर्युक्ते॒ रोहि॑ता वा॒युर॑रु॒णा वा॒यु॒ रथे॑ अज॒रा धुरि वोइ॑वे॒ वहि॑ष्ठा धुरि वोइ॑वे । प्र वो॑धया॒ पुरंध जा॒र॒ आ स॑स॒तीमि॑व । प्रच॑य॒ रोद॑सी वासयो॒षसः॒ श्रव॑से वासयो॒षस॑ः ॥ ३ ॥ तुभ्य॑मु॒षासा॒ः शुच॑यः परा॒वति॑ भ॒द्रा वस्त्र तन्वते॒ द॑सु॑ र॒श्मिषु॑ चि॒चा नव्ये॑षु र॒श्मिषु॑ । तुभ्यं॑ धे॒नुः स॑र्व॒दु॑घा॒ विश्वा॒ वसू॑नि दोहते । अज॑नयो म॒रुतो॑ व॒क्षणा॑भ्यो वि आ व॒क्षणा॑भ्यः॥४॥ तुभ्यं॑ शु॒क्रासः॒ः शुच॑यस्तु॒र॒ण्यवो॒ मदे॑षूया ईषण॑त॒ भुव॑ण्य॒पामि॑ष॑त भुर्वण॑ । त्वा॑ त्वा॒री दस॑मानो॒ भग॑मीट्टे तक्क॒वीये॑ । त्वं विश्व॑स्मा॒द्भुव॑नात्पासि॒ धर्म॑णासु॒र्या॑त्पासि॒ धर्म॑णा ॥ ५॥ त्वं नो॑ वायवेषा॒मपू॒र्व्याः सोमा॑ना॑ प्रथ॒मः पी॒तिम॑र्हसि सु॒तानां॑ पी॒तिम॑र्हसि । उ॒तो वि॒हुत्म॑तीना॑ वि॒शां व॑व॒र्जुषी॑णां । विश्वा इते॑ धे॒नवो॑ दुहू आशिरं घृतं दु॑हूत आशिरं ॥ ६ ॥ २३ ॥

॥ १३५ ॥ १–९ परुच्छेपो दैवोदासः ॥१-३. ९ वायुः । ४-८ इंद्रः ॥ १-७ अत्यष्टिः । ८. ९ अष्टिः ॥

॥१३५॥ स्तो॒र्णं ब॒र्हिरुप॑ नो याहि वी॒तये॑ स॒हस्रेण नि॒युता॑ नियुत्वते तिनभिर्नियुत्वते । तुभ्यं हि पूर्वपी॑तये दे॒वा दे॒वाय॑ येमि॒रे । प्र ते॑ सु॒तासो॒ मधु॑मंतो अस्थिर॒मदा॑य॒ त्वें अस्थिरन् ॥ १ ॥ तुभ्या॒यं सोम॒ परि॑पू॒तो॒ अदि॑भिः स्पाही वसा॑नः परि॒ कोश॑मर्षति शु॒क्रा वसा॑नो अर्षति । तवा॒यं भा॒ग आयुषु सोमो॑ दे॒वेषु॑ हूयते । वह॑ वायो नि॒युतो॑ याह्यस्मा॒युर्जुषा॒णो या॑ह्म॒स्मा॒युः ॥ २ ॥ आ नो नियुद्भिः शतिनींभिरध्वरं स॑ह॒स्रिणी॑भि॒रुप॑ याह वी॒तये॒ वायो॑ ह॒व्यानि॑ वी॒तये॑ । तवा॒य॑ भा॒ग ऋ॒त्विय॒ः सर॑श्मा॒ सूर्यो॒ सचा॑। अ॒ध्व॒र्युभि॒र्भर॑मा

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