The improvement in horse-rakes, which is the subject of the plaintiff's patent, consists in making each tooth independent of every other by providing it with a drum, a holder, and a spiral spring so combined and operating that the tooth shall yield when it meets an obstruction and be brought down again by force of the spring when the inequality of ground is passed. In the specifications and drawings the upper end of the spring is pivoted to the drum and moves with it; but it was soon discovered that it is not necessary to have a movable drum, because by hooking the end of the spring to the tooth itself the necessary motion is imparted to it. The plaintiff himself discovered this, and made his rakes in the modified form. I do not mean that he was the first or only person who discovered it. Whether this change and simplification of parts was patentable or not, and I am inclined to think it may have been, it was a change, and in reissuing his patent the plaintiff omits all mention of the drum in his first and fifth claims, which are those now said to be infringed. The plaintiff seeks to avoid the effect of the apparent expansion by arguiug that a drum is found in the defendant's machine, and that a drum may be construed into the first and fifth claims of the reissue. Neither of these positions can be sustained. The defendant has no drum, and the plaintiff evidently omitted the drum from the claims of his reissue on purpose to cover such machines as the defendant's, and it can not be fairly construed into them again. The first claim is: 1. The combination of a rake-tooth, a holder therefor in which the tooth is pivoted by a horizontal axis, and a spiral spring encircling said holder and axis, and having its ends secured relatively to the tooth to exert a downward yielding pressure upon the tooth, substantially as described. The fifth, though somewhat different from the first, is even more general in its phraseology, and has no reference to the drum. No claim of the original patent covers a machine like that of the defendant. Under the recent and well-known decisions of the Supreme Court this expan sion of the claims was unwarrantable. Bill dismissed. 10452 C P--20 [Supreme Court of the United States.] MANNING ET AL. v. THE CAPE ANN ISINGLASS AND GLUE COM. PANY ET AL. 1. LETTERS PATENT INVALID, Decided May 7, 1883. 23 O. G., 2413. Letters patent for an improvement in the manufacture of isinglass from fishsounds, issued to the assignees of the inventor, James Manning, January 7, 1873, declared invalid by reason of a public use of the invention for more than two years before the patent was applied for. 2. PUBLIC USE. Where an inventor allowed to two persons the unrestricted use of his invention without injunction of secrecy or other condition, such use Held to constitute a public use. 3. EXPERIMENTAL USE, Where through a series of years a machine and process were used without material change in either,.such use Held not to have been experimental. 4. PUBLIC USE-CONSTRUCTION OF STATUTES OF 1836 AND 1870 THEREON. It is the policy of the patent laws to forbid the issue of a patent for an inven. tion which has been in public use before the application therefor. The statute of 1836 (5 Stats. 117, sec. 6) did not allow the issue of a patent when the invention had been in public use or on sale for any period, however short, with the consent or allowance of the inventor; and the statute of 1870 (Rev. Stats., sec. 4886) does not allow the issue when the invention had been in public use for more than two years prior to the application, either with or without the consent or allowance of the inventor. APPEAL from the circuit court of the United States for the district of Massachusetts. Mr. Thos. Wm. Olarke for the appellants. STATEMENT, This was a suit brought by the appellants, John J. Manning and Caleb J. Norwood, to restrain the infringement by the appellees of letters patent, dated January 7, 1873, issued to the appellants and W. N. Manning, as assignees of the inventor, James Manning. By the subsequent assignment of W. N. Manning the appellants became vested with the title to the entire patent. It is well known that the swimming-bladders or sounds of certain fishes are largely composed of that variety of gelatine called isinglass. The sounds are usually found in the market in a dry and hard state. They are manufactured into isinglass by a mechanical operation, which consists in passing the macerated sounds successively between several sets of rollers, the first set kneading the sounds into a homogeneous sheet, and the subsequent sets squeezing and elongating the sheets into the ribbons of isinglass known to commerce. The invention covered by the patent sued on was for an improvement in the manufacture of isinglass from fish-sounds. The specification of the patent declared as follows: In the manufacture of ribbon isinglass from fish-sounds it is customary to feed the softened and moist or macerated sounds to and between feed and compressing rollers, by which the viscid substance is compressed and joined and formed into a continuous sheet. Notwithstanding the constant application of cold water into the rolls, the substance adheres tenaciously to the roll and accumulates thereupon, and has to be cut away therefrom, an operation which is very slow and laborious and productive of imperfect sheets. My invention is designed to obviate the return of the adhering gelatinous substance to the action of the rolls before it is stripped therefrom, and to so strip it that the rolls may work continuously or without stoppage, the ribbon, as it is stopped, being again fed or guided by the operator into and between the rolls until sufficiently reduced or elongated for removal or for the action of other rolls set nearer together to produce a thinner ribbon. To effect this result I place at the side of each roll a scraper extending the whole length of the roll, and having an edge set up to the roll, so that the roll shall run just clear of it, which scraper or cleaner strips from the whole surface of the roll the adhering gelatine in the form of a sheet. The invention consists in this method of passing the isinglass between hollow rolls cooled by water thrown into the rolls and then stripping the gelatinous matter from the rollers and returning it to the hopper to be again treated, the rollers being adjustable. The claim was as follows: The herein-described method of converting isinglass into sheets of any desired thickness by running it between hollow rolls into which cold water is thrown to cool the compressing-surfaces, such rolls being preferably made adjustable to graduate the degree of compression, and the adhering sheets being removed from the rolls by stationary scrapers or clearers and returned to the hopper as required. One of the defenses set up in the answer and relied on was that the improvement described in the patent had been in public use for more than two years before the patent was applied for. The circuit court dismissed the bill on that ground. From its decree this appeal is prosecuted by the complainants. OPINION. Mr. Justice WOODS delivered the opinion of the court: We think that the defense that the improvement described in the patent had been in public use for more than two years prior to the application therefor is established by the testimony. The appellants contend that the patent covers an improvement in the process of making isinglass. It is not contended that the patent covers the rolls between which the fish-sounds are passed, or the keeping of the rolls cool by making them hollow and injecting a stream of cold water into the cavity, nor the automatic scrapers, but in the use of automatic scrapers applied to such rolls to prevent the isinglass from being carried through the rolls a second time without aeration. The testimony shows that as early as the year 1860 James Manning, the inventor, was engaged in the manufacture of isinglass at Ipswich, Massachusetts, in copartnership with his brother-in-law, Caleb Norwood, under the name of Norwood & Manning. In that year Oliver C. Smith, a machinist at Salem, constructed for the firm a machine containing adjustable hollow water-cooled rolls, with stationary scrapers, substantially such as are described in the patent, for converting isinglass into sheets in the manner therein set forth. The use of this machine was continued down to the year 1867, when the firm of Norwood & Manning was dissolved. In the division of the assets of the firm between the partners the machine with the scraper made by Smith fell to Norwood. He took into the business with him as a partner his son, Caleb J. Norwood, and continued it in the same factory from 1867 to 1870, using the machine with the stationary scraper which had been made by Smith. James Manning, after the dissolution of the firm of Norwood & Manning, established an isiuglass factory at Rockport, Massachusetts, and procured to be constructed two machines similar to that disclosed in the patent. With this factory and machinery he set up in business his two sons, John J. Manning and William N. Manning, and they carried on the business of manufacturing isinglass under the name of J. J. Manning & Brother from the year 1868 until the testimony in this case was taken in 1877, using the two machines with scrapers above mentioned. James Manning, the inventor, had no interest in the business carried on by Norwood and his son after the dissolution of the firm of Norwood & Manning in 1867, nor in the business of J. J. Manning & Brother, carried on from 1868 until after the issue of the patent. Some attempt is made to show that the use of the machines in the factory of Caleb Norwood from 1867 to 1870 was a secret and not a public use; but we think the testimony shows a use open to the public generally. But whether this be so or not is immaterial, for Norwood and his son were allowed by the inventor the unrestricted use of the patent during the period mentioned without injunction of secrecy or other condition. This is sufficient to constitute a public use. Egbert v. Lippman, 104 U. S., 333. The decided weight of the evidence shows that there was also a public use of the invention in the factories of J. J. Manning & Brother for more than four years prior to the application of the patent, namely, from 1868 to 1873. It is also made clear by the testimony not only that the machinery, but the process used by Norwood & Manning from 1860 to 1867, by Norwood & Son from 1867 to 1870, and by J. J. Manning & Brother from 1868 to 1873, and after that year, was substantially the same as that described in the patent. During all these years there was no material change either in the machinery or the process. The use of the machinery and process was not, therefore, an experimental use. These conclusions of fact are fatal to the complainants' case. It is the policy of the patent laws to forbid the issue of a patent for an invention which has been in public use before the application there for. The statute of 1836 (5 Stats., 117, sec. 6) did not allow the issue of a patent when the invention had been in public use or on sale for any period, however short, with the consent or allowance of the inventor; and the statute of 1870 (16 Stats., 201, sec. 24; Rev. Stats., sec. 4866) does not allow the issue, when the invention had been in public use for more than two years prior to the application, either with or without the consent or allowance of the inventor. Under either of these statutes the patent relied on in this case was improvidently issued, for there was a public use, with the consent of the inventor, for more than two years prior to the application. The patent is therefore void. McClurg v. Kingsland, 1 How., 202; Egbert v. Lippman, ubi supra; Consolidated Fruit Jar Co. v. Wright, 94 U. S., 92; Worley v. Tobacco Co., 104 U. S., 340. The decree of the circuit court was therefore right and must be af firmed. [United States Circuit Court-Southern District of New York.] WOOSTER V. THE SINGER MANUFACTURING COMPANY. Decided April 10, 1883. 23 O. G. 2513. 1. PLEA OF LICENSE AFTER REVOCATION FOR BREACH OF CONTRACT. A defendant corporation having violated the conditions of a contract under which a license to manufacture and sell a patented device was granted, and the license having therefore been revoked by the licenser under a provision of the contract, in a suit for iufringement against such corporation after the revocation, a plea setting up the license was overruled. 2. SUIT AGAINST LICENSEE AFTER REVOCATION-DEFENSES. When a license has been revoked by a plaintiff and a defendant is sued as a naked infringer, he is at liberty to avail himself of any defense ordinarily open to a defendant charged with infringement. Mr. Frederic H. Betts for the plaintiff. Mr. B. F. Lee and Mr. John F. Dillon for the defendant. SHIPMAN, J.: This is a bill in equity, in the usual form, founded upon the alleged infringement of two reissued letters patent. The defendant has pleaded a license and permission to manufacture and sell the articles embodying the invention described in said patents. There are two corporations, each called "The Singer Manufacturing Company"-one, a joint stock corporation, incorporated in 1863, and located in the city of New York; the other, incorporated in 1873 by the Legislature of the State of New Jersey, and a citizen of that State. Mr. George Ross McKenzie, general manager of the New Jersey corporation, testifies that that company was an incorporation of the same persons who composed the New York company; that since the organization |