TABLE OF CONTENTS. SITUATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES. Climate-Exposition-Vegetation-Soils, pervious and imper- VENTILATION, LIGHTING AND WARMING. Respiration-Quantity of Air required-Cubic_Space-Over- Characters of Drinking Water-Hard and Soft Waters-Clark's Process for Softening Water-Quantity Required-Sources of Water-Distribution, Intermittent and Constant Service- Water Meters Pipes -Cisterns-Waste Pipes-Purifica- tion of Water-Filtration, Principles of, materials used, &c.— ... 37-53 Dust-Kitchen Refuse-Value of Dust-Dust Receptacles-Con- servancy Systems-Midden-heaps and Cesspools-Improve- ments in them-Moveable Receptacles-Dr. Bayliss's plan- Morell's Cinder Sifting Ash Closet-Moser's Closet, &c.-Dry Earth System-Summary of Conclusions with regard to the ... ... ... ... Slop-water-Rogers Field's Flush-Tank-Sewers-Brick and Pipe Sewers Flushing Junctions Pipes Capped Pipes Ventilation - Cesspools House Sewers, Construction of Contamination of Soil, &c.-Rats- Contamination of Foods-Junction of Pipes-Stanford's Joint-Fall of House Sewers-Junction with Main Sewer- Water Traps-Dipstone Trap-Syphon Trap-Inspection Opening Air Inlet-Man-Hole-Disconnecting Traps- Double-Syphon - Ventilating Pipes - Rain-Water Pipes- Hopper Closet-Water Service Pipes-Waste Preventing Cis- ... ... ... 78-96 DWELLING-HOUSES THEIR SANITARY CONSTRUCTION AND ARRANGEMENTS. CHAPTER I. SITUATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES. Ir is only necessary for me to make a few introductory remarks about climate. Although few persons can choose what part of the world they will live in, a considerable number are able to decide in what part of the country they will reside. Other things being equal, the nearer a place is to the sea, the more equable is the climate, and the further inland the place is, the more is the climate one of extremes; so that those who wish for a moist, equable climate, with warm winters and warm nights, will choose a place by the seaside; while those who wish for a more bracing atmosphere will go further inland. In England, too, as is well-known, there is considerable difference between the climate at various parts of the seaboard. Thus, the western coast, being exposed to the winds which pass over the Atlantic, and to the action of the moist, warm, air which passes over the course of the Gulf Stream, has a warm, moist atmosphere, and a heavy rainfall; while the eastern coast, which is swept by winds that have passed across Siberia and Russia, and have only the narrow strip of B German Ocean to pass over before they reach our coast, has a dry, bleak, and comparatively cold climate. For the same reason, too, the exposition of a house, or the way in which it faces, is a matter of great importance in this climate, as is well known; a southern exposition, for example, being warm and genial, whilst an eastern one is just the reverse. In the neighbourhood of forests, the air is damp during a great part of the year, from the enormous amount of evaporation that takes place from the leaves of the trees, and Humboldt tells us that the large forests on the banks of the Amazon are perpetually covered with mist. Other things being equal, a bare open country is drier and hotter than a well-wooded one. I will divide the soils, for sanitary purposes, into two kinds-pervious and impervious; those that allow water to pass freely through them, and those that do not. Pervious soils are such as gravel, sand, and the less compact and softer limestones, which allow water to pass through their interstices, and chalk, in which the water for the most part travels through the fissures; and the typical impervious ones, such as the various clays, mostly named from the localities where they are best known, as the London clay, Oxford clay, Kimmeridge clay. Most of the metamorphic rocks and the hard limestones are non-porous, but have a multitude of crevices, through which the water finds its way. In the former case the water which falls on the surface passes readily through the soil, until it comes to some impervious stratum below, over which it accumulates and along which it flows, until it either finds outlet at the surface of the ground, |