a cruel surgical operation roars most lustily, makes the best recovery, and is least likely to become delirious. Ecstatic joy evacuates itself in shouts, or "crows like chanticleer," especially in children. The lower animals have uniform cries for the excitement of each separate passion; and when one propensity is active, they never adopt the sound peculiar to the expression of another. We find a still more remarkable peculiarity in gestures, to the elucidation of which, Phrenology has been much indebted to Dr. Spurzheim and Mr. Combe, but still more to Dr. Gall.*

Each organ of the brain gives its peculiar attitude to the whole body, and regulates posture, if it do not go further, and form the source and centre of equilibrium.t Firmness, when inordinately large, and weakly counterbalanced, gives the attitude a stiff, straight, perpendicular rigidity, which produces the appearance of pokerswallowing. Self-esteem throws the whole body and head upward and backward.‡ Love of Approbation produces a rolling motion of the back part of the head and of the body. Combativeness arches the neck, seen in men, but better in horses or turkey-cocks. Destructiveness produces an abrupt shaking of the head, quite marked in extreme rage, and very palpable in beasts of prey, which shake their victim from side to side, and set back their ears, which are inmediately below the organ. Wonder raises the eyebrows; and Secretiveness looks askance, in the direction of the organ. This is all involuntary, uniform, appropriate, and universal. Why is this, but that each cerebral organ has its own nerves of motion and relative muscles?

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Diseases of various parts of the body excite particular organs of the mind, attack these alone, and leave the others perfectly free. Delirium tremens seems to excite the organs of Wonder, Form, and Colour alone, leaving the rest untouched. Hence, the little imps, grinning demons, and plagues of black flies that encompass the patient. Consumption excites powerfully the organ of Hope, the patient entertaining no doubt of speedy recovery, and forming the brightest prospects of the future. Some affections of the heart excite exclusively the organ of Destructiveness. Henbane," says Dr. Simpson, "in large doses excites a remarkable form of delirium, characterised by revengeful and fearless mania, and hence called by the ancients altercum. Filtres, or love potions, have undoubtedly excited the organ of Amativeness.§ Terror has made the hair grey in a single night. Certain herbs, as we have already seen, produce loss of memory, the other powers remaining unaffected. Hypochondriasis, an affection of Cautiousness and Hope, is produced by over-feeding. Physicians can no doubt enumerate many more examples of local affections exciting only single mental faculties.

We have already observed, that the Temperaments are indicated by the secretion of different parts of the blood in unequal relative proportions; that the Lymphatic is characterised by a predominance of serum; the Sanguine, by that of the vital or red particles; and the Bilious, by the superabundance of fibrin, the principal element in the muscular tissue. We found that this selection of secretion arose from the action of certain nerves in one individual, and of different ones in another; that these

* Vimont has very properly exposed the attempt of Spurzheim to arrogate to himself the merit of discoveries which are due altogether to Gall, the proper founder of the system. After quoting from Spurzheim the statement that "Gall avait indiqué plusieur relations qui existent entre les divers talens et caracteres de l'homme et des animaux, avant que je fusse assez heureux pour faire sa connaissance;" Vimont adds, "Plusieur relations! vingt-sept facultés!" We have only to peruse the works of Gall in order to satisfy ourselves how absolute was his title to the origin as well as to the formation of Phrenology; how superior were his powers of analysis to those of his assistant; and how entirely indebted the latter was to the former for all that is really valuable in his works.

+ This is a speculation of much importance. If we can conceive of all the organs of the brain being abstracted, we feel conscious that progression would be impossible. We see that congestion of an organ on one side produces an annihilation of the powers of corporeal motion on the other side of the body. We observe, that when the lobes of the cerebellum are diseased, the patient falls back in the direction of the organ in a fit. When it is affected partially on one side, an involuntary motion of the arms is the consequence, and so forth.

"I know no people, no race of men, in whom pride does not carry its head high, does not raise all the body, and cause the man to elevate himself on his feet in order to appear taller."-Engel.

§ Fourcroy and Vauquelin attribute the same effect to phosphorus; and Juvenal"Grandia quæ mediis jam noctibus ostrea mordet."

Abelard also," Verbera quandoque dabat amor, non furor; gratia, non ira."

nerves had their source and seat in the brain, which, divided at least into thirtyseven parts, possessing each distinct functions, rendered the conjecture probable, that the nerves which proceeded from each were modified in their action and energy by the peculiar structure of the individual organ from whence they proceeded. We have now to maintain, that the Temperaments, or, in other words, the peculiar proportions in which the different elementary components of the blood are secreted in the system, are the result of the predominance of individual organs.

We have before remarked, that the Bilious Temperament is characterised, not by activity, which is the feature of the Sanguine and Nervous constitutions, but by durability of brain, whereby much mental excitement and labour are sustained without fatigue. We also conjectured that it was connected with those nerves which select and produce the predominance of the fibrinous portion of the blood, whereof the tough, hard, muscular part of the system is composed. From our first examination of the doctrine of the Temperaments, it occurred to us, that as Nature makes nothing in vain, she must always suit the instrument to the office it is destined to perform. What, for example, would be the use of a large developement of the organ of Firmness in a brain altogether Lymphatic? There would be the disposition to persevere and to hold an onward course, in a brain not capable of sustaining continued action in one direction for an hour together. What would become of the American Indian, who will nurse revenge for ever, watch an enemy for days, months, years, and laugh at his foes while they inflict on him the most protracted torments, if his brain were Lymphatic? The mental exertion would exhaust it in a short time, and he would persevere no longer. We find, however, that the American Indian is remarkable above all races of men for the developement of the organ of Firmness, and exhibits a specimen of the purest Bilious Temperament in his tough, hard, unencumbered sinews. Robert Bruce was similarly endowed with large Firmness, and a fine muscular Temperament. President Jackson's Firmness amounts to obstinacy and infatuation. His nickname of Old Hickory, is pretty descriptive of his muscular constitution. So, of the Spaniards—obstinate, lazy, fibrous. The Duke of Wellington is all fibre and all firmness. Being accidentally informed by one of the public prosecutors, that a man had been apprehended who was celebrated all over the County of Stirling for his great muscularity, and his wonderful feats in leaping, running, and wrestling, we did not hesitate to say that he would be found to possess the organ of Firmness in a high degree of developement, as his powers appeared to indicate a singular endowment of the Bilious Temperament. While lecturing at Falkirk, the individual (Miller) was hanged at Stirling, and a cast having been procured, it accordingly turned out that that organ was enormously large in the developement, surpassing considerably that of all the heads in the collection of the Edinburgh Phrenological Museum, as may be seen from the very accurate sketch of it here given.

This one bledone в вісте

The very word, Sanguine, seems to indicate at once the organ by which the corresponding Temperament is indicated. An agreeable excitement of the feelings cannot exist without a rapid and healthful play of the blood through the brain, and a habitual supply of it. Long before Phrenology was known, Sanguine was a term

convertible into the word hope, the former being indeed just the latter in a state of excess. While the organ of Firmness, then, seems, when large, to command nerves proceeding from it to the assimilating organs, to convert the juices into the fibrinous portion of the blood, and through that means to produce muscle, a great developement of that of Hope appears to indicate the predominating activity of those nerves in the system which select the vital or red particles of the blood. It is to be remarked of this organ, that it has a more powerful effect on the bodily appearance than any ́other, and that a mere average developement of it will show itself in the constitution more palpably than any other. When, therefore, Hope is developed to the value of only 14 or 15, the bodily appearance will palpably manifest the Sanguine Temperament, however large the other organs may be. Thus, should Hope amount to 14, and Firmness to 20, the eyes will be light coloured (blue or grey), and the hair black or dark. But should Hope be only 8 or 10, and Firmness 20, both hair and eyes will be dark, the latter being neither grey nor blue. We have been in the habit of predicating the colour of these parts of the body upon this principle, in the subjects of casts or developements sent us, and have not found ourselves mistaken. If the Hope be large, with small Firmness, in mature manhood, the complexion will be ruddy or red. If Firmness be large, and Hope average, the hair would in boyhood be fair, but probably be dark at maturity. After the most careful examination which we have been enabled to bestow upon the subject, it appears to us, that the Nervous Temperament is chiefly indicated by the predominance of the organ of Cautiousness. Fineness in the texture of the skull is supposed to be indicative of fine texture of brain, which latter is pronounced to be the exponent of the Nervous Temperament. Both of these particulars are united in the female character. The largest developement of Cautiousness, to be found in the collection of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, is in the skulls of the Cingalese, the texture of which is as fine almost as porcelain. The largest national developement of Cautiousness, is in the skulls of Hindoos, and the texture of these is extremely fine. Mr. Combe, in a table of measurements of national skulls, states the extreme length of the Hindoo skull at 6 inches; that of the New Hollander 7 inches, being gths of an inch in favour of the size of the latter. Their measurement from Cautiousness to Cautiousness is, Hindoos, 5 inches; New Hollander, 4 inches, being ths of an inch in favour of the Hindoos absolutely, but relatively to their respective lengths of head, no less than an inch and a-half in favour of the relative size of Cautiousness in the Hindoo skull. Mr. Combe then remarks, “the effects of Temperament are distinguishable in national skulls. The grain of the New Holland skull is extremely rough and coarse; that of the Hindoo, fine, smooth, and compact, more closely resembling ivory." In all stages of society, those persons whose minds and conduct manifest the presence of the predominance of the organ of Cautiousness, are most remarkable for continued susceptibility of emotion, and sensitive rapidity of thought, which are indicative of the Nervous Temperament. Infants possess this organ always very largely, and they are in the greatest degree nervous. Caspar Hauser is an example of the highest order of the Nervous Temperament, and by watching his case attentively it will be seen, that his sensibility was occasioned altogether by the susceptibility of his system under the action of external impressions. The Nervous man has a very thin skin; little encumbered with flesh; skull very thin, and its integuments extremely slight. His whole frame appears to be conceived upon the plan of rendering him very susceptible of external impressions, and acute in his senses. * Bichat and Richerand have revived a method of measuring the intellectual faculties spoken of by Plato: according to whom, men, and other animals that have long necks, possess intellectual faculties inferior to those of others; because, the brain being more remote from the heart, must experience a less degree of irritation through the medium of the blood. This proposition we conceive to be correct in principle; and it is certain, that tall men, whose bodies require their blood to be spread over a greater surface than little men, are less activeminded, because a smaller share can go to the brain; and their pulse, as a general rule, is slower, indicating a more languid circulation. The pulse of a child is extremely rapid, as is that of all young and small animals; and a child is far more joyous, happy, and sanguine, than a man whose circulation is slower. In consumption, the circulation is greatly accelerated, and the patient is always in the most agreeable state, forming the brightest expectations. It would be well worthy the attention of physicians, to ascertain, if persons with a very low developement of Hope are ever attacked with consumption; and if Firmness is at all affected in cases of cholera, in which muscular contortion forms a prominent feature. In this disease, the serous and red particles of the blood are found to be awanting, and nothing but the fibrin is left.

Having no rich endowment of blood, the spontaneous solicitations and internal and involuntary activity of the faculties, is not likely to disturb him as it does the Sanguine man; but the delicacy of his fibres will respond to the slightest external vibration, and call up the blood to assist in the excitement.*

The Lymphatic Temperament may be said to be rather the absence of the rest, than the presence of a positive constitution. It is caused by the joint operation of tardy circulation and imperfect oxygenation, the result of a confined chest and feeble heart and lungs. Hence the blood is neither endowed with a sufficient proportion of fibrin, nor of red particles, but of that serum which we observe in dropsy, a disease of the circulation, and which is sometimes relieved by friction, whereby the circulation is increased. It is probable that it will be found to be accompanied by deficient Firmness, Cautiousness, and Hope, the negation, in short, of the other Temperaments. The Lymphatic man we conceive not to be naturally fat, for that is something positive-nor lean, for that prefigures something that is determinate. He is the impersonation of immobility and neutrality-expressionless-indefiniteneither capable of obesity, nor of being much reduced-to be embraced in the category of those wersh or wooden personages who are ciphers in society.

The effect of the combination of the Temperaments may now be readily understood. The Nervous or Sanguine constitutions predominating, with deficient Bilious or Fibrinous structure, will produce that activity without endurance, which will soon wear the system out, and give rise to inaction, produced by exhaustion or disease. The Bilious Temperament without the Sanguine, will be durable, but without elasticity, or the elements of renovation; the mind will work long, but will not work intensely. Not Nervous, its operations will be little affected by the external world; and although continuous, will be less rapid. Combined in due proportions, there will be sustained exertion, rapidity of thought, strength and intensity of emotion, susceptibility of external impressions, and spontaneous internal activity.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PROPERTIES OF THE BRAIN.

SECTION I.-The Duality of the Organs.

THE doctrine next in the order of the demonstration, is, that all the organs of the brain are double. From the different sections of the encephalon here exhibited, it

* Another source of activity must especially be remembered, the effect of hereditary transmission of the exercise of particular organs. Children born in time of war have become warlike, without any higher developement of the organs of attack and defence than those born in peace. But a habitual exercise and stimulus of organs by parents, and their placing many into a state of inaction, transmits the predisposition to the stimulus of the former, and the disregard of the latter. Dogs transmit habits. Paulina bids the courtiers remark, that Leontes' infant had

"The very trick of his frown."

Sons will catch themselves, long after their father's death, speaking in his very tones-in the same attitude, expression, smile, or laugh. Persons with no great developement of those organs which produce benevolence and hospitality, will be found to display more of these qualities than was to be expected from their appearance, if their parents were generous. This is a hereditary predisposition towards the activity of certain faculties.

is apparent that it is what physicians call symmetrical, or exactly shaped and proportioned. It is divided into two perfectly equal parts called hemispheres, and each side or half, is substantially a counterpart of the other. The organs," says Dr. Southwood Smith, "of animal life are symmetrical. The brain and the spinal chord are divisible into two perfectly equal parts. The nerves which go off from these organs, for the most part, go off in pairs, equal in size, and similar in distribution. The trunk, so important an instrument in voluntary motion, when well formed, is divisible into two perfectly corresponding portions. The muscular apparatus of one-half of the body is the exact counterpart of that of the other; while the arms, the hands, and lower extremities, are not only double, but the organization of the one is precisely similar to that of its fellow." Sir Charles Bell, to the same effect, states, "that whatever we observe on one side, has a corresponding part on the other; and an exact resemblance and symmetry is preserved in all the lateral divisions of the brain. And so, if we take the proof of anatomy, we must admit, that as the nerves are double, and the organs of sense double, so is the brain double, and every sensation conveyed to the brain is conveyed to the two lateral parts, and the operations performed must be done in both lateral portions at the same moment." Wherever the parts of the body are symmetrical, we learn from these quotations, that each part performs a function of the very same nature as its counterpart. The nerves which go off to one arm, perform precisely the same function as that performed by those which go off to the other arm. The nerve which goes to the one eye, conveys objects to the brain in the very same manner as the other; and so of the olfactory and auditory nerves. It being admitted that the brain consists of two parts which are symmetrical, the conclusion is irresistible, that the function performed by the one hemisphere is exactly the same as that which is done by the other. As we are not conscious of the existence of two nerves of sight or hearing, but the impression from both is single, so is it not to be concluded, that because we have two organs of thought, we should be conscious of two sets of ideas exactly similar. As the optic nerve of one eye, or the sensorial nerve of one arm, may be destroyed without obliterating the faculties of touch or sight in the other; so the partial destruction of one side of the brain, if the counterpart be in a healthy state, should not, as indeed it does not, abrogate the action of thought in the other. Proper attention to the legitimate inference which may be drawn from this proposition, will enable the inquirer to answer to himself, and to less ingenuous objectors, many difficulties which have been stated to the truth of the general principles of Phrenology, founded upon the fact, that injuries of the brain have occurred which have not sensibly altered the mental manifestations. These, of course, have occurred in one hemisphere, while the other, like a remaining eye, or nostril, has performed the functions of the mind. Dr. Gall, and after him Dr. Combe, have carefully examined all the cases cited by hostile physiologists, for the purpose of overturning the system, and have most satisfactorily explained them upon this principle, in a manner perfectly in harmony with the general doctrine. Dr. Syme, the celebrated surgeon, deserves to have it recorded to his honour, that although an anti-phrenologist, he exhibits to his class, as worthy of remark in reference to the doctrines of that science, the case of a man whose brain, injured on one side only, exhibited the ordinary