walls of Moscow. A Cockney, who had realised £50,000, in a beef-steak shop, retired. He was, however, so miserable, in consequence of a change of pursuit, that he returned and acted as shopman to his successor in the business. This is in effect a tradesman's nostalgia. Another man, longer in business, and as wealthy, feels no such inconvenience from the change. From what does this arise? We cannot account for it, except upon the principle of one possessing a propensity which another wants. We have already hinted at the probabilities of this organ being the origin of habits and customs. We have known persons who, through their whole lives, dressed in exactly the same colours, upon which circumstance the comedy of the Green Man is founded. One of this class, whose dress for forty years has been blue coat, white waistcoat, drab breeches, and long gaiters, having breakfasted out of a peculiar china cup for thirty years, was nearly driven mad by its being broken, and sent emissaries, at a considerable expense, through the whole of London, to procure another of exactly the same pattern. Of another individual, from whose bust, sent to us anonymously, we predicated that he would be a mere bundle of habits; that he would be plodding and assiduous at his business; that he would love the country; but would seldom go abroad, and never change his residence; all inferred from the size of this organ, with its combinations: it happened that every statement corresponded exactly with the fact. The lawyer in the Spectator, whose whole eloquence was destroyed by the want of a pack-thread, which, in the course of pleading, he was in the habit of rolling round his finger, is another illustration of the same theory. Some persons cannot compose, except at a certain desk, or in a particular room. Many objects for which we have not, and cannot have, the slightest veneration or respect, please us, because they have always existed, and remained through all the changes of our lives. When they are discontinued, we are grieved, if not irritated. Persons of plodding and stationary habits, are peculiarly susceptible of these attachments. If they have used even a penknife for a number of years, they are much annoyed by the loss of it. The feeling seems to be an element of Toryism and patriotism, being the true source of the sentiment, Anglæ nolunt leges mutare. The destruction of continuity-the change of object or pursuit-the cessation of what has long endured, gives a great and decided shock to the feelings of many persons, who have numerous other means of supplying gratification to the same set of faculties which were formerly exercised. The horror of death is attributed to a particular faculty; but, at all events, a mode of powerfully enhancing it, is the disagreeable excitement of this organ, produced by the conception of the discontinuance of "all forms, all pressures past, and trivial fond records." The principal power of Gray's Elegy arises from a description of a variety of familiar and regularly recurring duties and domestic incidents, which have ceased, and are to be for ever terminated:- "No more for them the blazing hearth shall burn, The breezy call of incense breathing morn- No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed." Sheridan, in whom the organ was largely developed, after he had fallen on evil days, and had outlived the power to please others and himself, strongly expresses the sentiment, in these beautiful lines: "The dew-drop that falls from the dark eye of night, Is a tear for the joys that have flown; I look'd for the flower, where I find but a blight, The Jews powerfully manifest this faculty in their love of tradition, of ancestry, of the continuity of all the customs, laws, and habits of their forefathers. The Eng *It is proper here to recollect that Sheridan's bust was taken after death. Before that, he had, for years, "lost all his usual mirth, and foregone all custom of exercise." He was no longer witty, or happy, or cheerful. Why? Must not the brain have changed with this alteration? and, if it did, the developement ought to have exhibited faded powers of humour or satire, without the necessity of supposing that he never possessed wit at all. 827961 lish also, are especially fond of precedent, and their Episcopacy puts forth its pretensions upon the very same ground as Popery, that of a title unbroken in the links of its succession from the time of the Apostles. They are continually searching records for precedents, and do every thing in one way, because it is usual, objecting to another course, solely because it is uncommon. Dr. Spurzheim's observations on the organ, seem to corroborate the views we have ventured to entertain. He states, that he saw a clergyman at Manchester, particularly attached to his dwelling-place, insomuch that he would have been unhappy if obliged to sleep elsewhere. He also observes it to be well developed in the Malays, New Zealanders, Esquimaux, and Negroes, but small in the Tartars; which exactly corresponds with the greater continuity of pursuit manifested by the former than the latter. Mr. Combe finds the organ small in the American Indian, noted for his want of industry, and distaste for continued employment. But so far as habitation is concerned, it is evident that it does not predispose to altitudes, because the Dutchman is as fond of his dykes, and of a residence below the level of the sea, as the Switzer is of his Alpine locality; and even when the former nation emigrated to America, they located themselves, if practicable, in a swamp. They are both equally remarkable for their settled habits, and for assiduous attention to the business of their peculiar occupations. The idea of eternity, perhaps, arises to some extent from this organ. Burke, himself a man possessed of a large endowment of Concentrativeness, has defined a form of sublimity to be, the idea of endless continuity; as, an illimitable wilderness or sea; the immensity of space; pinnacles, whose heads buried in the clouds continue the chain that links earth and heaven. It seems also to be an element in the constitution of Contentment. When it is small, individuals have a peculiar dislike to the precept, "in whatever state they are, therewith to be content.' They never can contract the habits necessary for the situation. Hope, of course, leads to a bright view of the future; but there are persons who indulge in no sanguine anticipations of what is to come, but are cheerful and contented with a present very indifferent situation. This organ cannot yet be considered as established. The various opinions which have been started relative to other organs, also encroach upon the functions of this. M. Broussais concurs in the opinion of Dr. Spurzheim; while M. Vimont refers to an organ which is usually supposed to be the external portion of Philoprogenitiveness, as a separate faculty, which he calls the instinct of marriage; and also declares that the function of the upper part of Concentrativeness, is to enable the individual to hold his other faculties in a state of action. He comes to this conclusion, from having remarked it very large in all animals which are susceptible of long continued attention, and which it is difficult to distract from their object. Such quadrupeds, for example, as the pointer, and most of the feline tribe, who display the utmost patience in watching and entrapping their prey. "The first observations of this Phrenologist," says Broussais, "were made upon the pointer, the fox, and the cat, at the moment she is pouncing upon her prey; but it was not (we quote his words) until he had collected nearly seven hundred crania of birds, and found the same developement in all those who study their prey, whatever they might be, that he felt himself convinced." As we mentioned before, Vimont supposes the under half of this organ as separate from the other, and designates it, that of "the choice of places." SECTION IV.-Organ IV. Adhesiveness. ADHESIVENESS is situated immediately on each side of the last organ, below Love of Approbation (No. 11), and directly above the lateral portions of PhiloprogenitiveIt is appreciable both by its protuberance directly backwards, and by the breadth of the head on each side of Concentrativeness. The latter indication is the best mark of a large endowment of the organ. ness. It is the faculty of Attachment, as generally described in Phrenological institutes, and is said to inspire with affection-to be the genius of friendship-to give the confiding, loving, endearing warmth of fervid constancy, in one being towards another. The existence of the social principle is so universally recognised, that it would be absurd to waste words on evidence in its favour. Every town, each village, is a pregnant evidence of it; the very first aphorism of our religion, that it is not good for man to be alone, is conclusive of it, while it furnishes a corroboration of the aphorism. The gregarious habits of the lower animals arise from the strength of this organ, and the power of it in them, is matter of every-day observation. The horse is possessed of very large Adhesiveness, and, accordingly, it is the practice, when one is placed in a park, to give it a companion for company. It is notorious among farmers, that neither horses nor cattle thrive so well when separated, as when together, and that some will not feed until impelled by pressing hunger, unless they have a companion. When one of two horses is taken from a park, the other stands at the gate, and neighs the whole day for his absent neighbour. When the latter returns, the mutual felicitations which ensue, demonstrate more plainly than words, the delight of their reciprocal companionship. If he come not back soon, the solitary tries every method of getting out of the field-to rub down the bars, or to take a hazardous leap-and he comes to the stable-door, and waits for a long period in anxious expectation of his absent friend. Cows that have been accustomed to herd, become lean, and give little milk when separated; so also of sheep. This propensity for society, is not among the lower animals inherently classified into genera or species. A wedder which grazed in a herd of cows, would not leave them. When the latter repaired to the cowhouse to be milked three times a-day, the former entered it along with them, and when driven away, it eluded the cow-boy to stay beside its vaccine friends. A herd of sheep for some time grazed in the same park with the cows, but the wedder never joined them, remaining with his former companions. A she-ass also adopted the same practice. It herded with the cows, and when shut up in the field till they should be milked in the cowhouse, it found out a method of opening the gate, and ran into the byre beside them. We have seen a similar companionship betwixt a dog and a cat; and a mutual sociality betwixt either of these animals and a horse, is not uncommon. A carrier's dog is extremely fond of the waggon-horse, and the attachment is quite mutual.* The affection of the horse and dog to man (which does not exist when the animals are in a state of nature, showing clearly that Adhesiveness is universal in its application, and indiscriminate in its objects), is matter of every day observation; and the seal, an animal of the sea, and never destined by nature for human companionship, becomes so passionately fond of its master (such is the pliant disposition of the propensities), that it will follow him, and die if he leaves it. Dogs often play with each other for whole days. We have known a terrier and greyhound establish a regular hunting copartnership, in which the fine scent of the one found out and started the game, while the keen sight and swiftness of the other kept it in view, and ran it down. This has continued for years, and seems to have originated in the social principle. Among mankind, the phenomena of this faculty are exceedingly palpable. There are some persons who cannot live out of society, or exist for an hour without company. They are continually forming acquaintances; they for ever mix in new circles; they know every body. If you walk the streets with them, you suspect they are practising for the office of mandarin. Their head is in a continual nod, like the china figures in a tea-merchant's window. Their hands grasp at the digits of every alternate passenger, so that they literally shake and speak their way to their destination. They never dine alone. They are censured for their fondness for company. They often neglect business, every thing, for this one object-an insatiable desire *Nothing more clearly shows the carelessness of observation, and the extreme ignorance of zoology, evinced by Spurzheim, than this circumstance. In the first place, he did not know that dogs, in a wild state, go in droves like the wolf; and comments upon the fact, that they attach themselves to man, but not to each other. He then supposes the gregarious habit a modification of Adhesiveness. But if he holds it necessary that there should be a particular faculty to induce animals to choose particular places or elements, why does he not also require an organ to enable them to choose companions of a particular species. In a state of nature, animals of the same genus herd together, simply because their habits are similar, and they have a common object; but whenever this is not the case, their Adhesiveness, which is blind as their Inhabitiveness is, makes them attach themselves to animals of another species in preference to their own. So of Alimentiveness, which is a general, and not a discriminating desire; it makes sheep take grass, but will make some, as we have known, when accustomed to it, take porter and whisky, while it is not till the third generation that they take to turnip, although they afterwards eat it as if it were their natural food. So of herbivori, which easily become carnivorous. for society. They could not take a walk, or a journey, alone, for worlds; yet many companions who are inseparable, walk together a whole day without uttering a syllable. To go to the theatre, or any place of entertainment, alone, is to them misery -they would rather pay to stay at home. If in their own house they be left alone, and have deficient Concentrativeness, they instantly leave it; so that it is said of them, they are to be found any where rather than at their own fireside. It matters not that these men have wives and children, their propensity is only satisfied by a companionship with the entire population. Others there are, as regular in their business, as punctual in their walks, as sedulous in their attendance upon theatres, or concerts, or public meetings, who are never seen with any companion at all; they are acquainted with nobody, they are always alone, they have no friends, hardly a nodding acquaintance, and, if not engaged in business, not even an individual who knows them. When they take a journey, it is by themselves. If in a stage-coach, they fall asleep, or coil themselves up in a corner. These two characters are the resultthe former, of a large endowment; the latter, of a deficiency of this organ. Of course, all counteracting faculties are, in this description, assumed to be absent. Of another description of individuals, Mr. Combe observes, "Some men have many acquaintances, but few friends; while others remain attached to certain individuals during every change of circumstances, and do not readily enlarge the circle of their intimates. When the organ is large, great delight is felt in friendship and attachment; the idea of distant friends often presents itself; and the glow of affection rushes into the mind with all the warmth and vivacity of a passion. Those in whom it is small, care little for friendship; out of sight, out of mind,' is their maxim." We cannot concur in this principle of analysis. If the fundamental element of this faculty be the desire of society, it ought to be largest in those who form the widest circle of companions. If, on the contrary, a person have few acquaintances, he ought, according to this definition, to possess the organ only in a limited degree.. Yet it is clear, Mr. Combe holds that a person who does not enlarge the circle of his society, but is much attached to a very few friends, ought to have the organ in ample endowment; while the individual who is acquainted with every body, but does not attach himself passionately to one, ought to have it deficient. This does not quadrate with the principles which establish the functions of other organs. We cannot see, that because a man enlarges the sphere of the operation of Adhesiveness, or changes the object upon which it is exercised, even although it should be every day, he thereby possesses it in a smaller degree than the man who contracts the radius of its operation and never changes its object, any more than we should expect that man to be less amative, who is in love with twenty sweethearts instead of one, or commences a new courtship every week, and is literally an out-of-sight out-of-mind lover, than he who never changes at all. Or take another example: we should not suppose a man less benevolent, who relieves all the poor in the parish, and strikes one pensioner off his list, to place another on, than he who only subscribes to one charity, and never introduces his name in a new subscription-book. The truth is, the violence of attachment, in these out-of-sight out-of-mind friends, is actually greater while the object of affection is before them, than even that of those who are more steady in their affection; and it is a common remark, both with regard to such enthusiastic friendships, and to the grief of the individual at the loss of the object, that the one, equally with the other, is too violent to last. The whole phenomena observed by Mr. Combe are, however, easily accounted for, by the introduction of the organ of Concentrativeness, in the solution of the difficulty. Simple Adhesiveness, as a blind propensity, seeks a general exercise in the knowledge of universal companionship, and may evidently be as easily gratified by a change, as by a uniformity of object. Concentrativeness, however, is fond of continuity of emotion; it is averse to change, and therefore, when combined with large Adhesiveness, inspires constancy, devotion, steady attachment, individuality of pursuit, prompting affection for a circumscribed circle, and aversion to change its members for a more extended acquaintanceship. Some are inseparable from one or two beloved friends, but care for nobody else. These persons are uniformly distinguished for a great fixity of all their opinions and principles; they are fond of their business, and attentive to nothing but their trade and their friend. Concentrativeness, says Dr. Spurzheim, "is commonly larger in women than in men;" and Mr. Combe particularly notices "the extreme constancy with which in general they adhere to the objects of their attachment," as a characteristic in which women much excel the other sex. It is certain, that women are not more fond of society than their husbands or brothers. On the contrary, their real kingdom is their own house, where, from year to year, they are contented to do nothing but follow their domestic duties, and never to see a human face but that of chance callers, or of such as present themselves in the necessary intercourse of life. Women, too, are fonder of permanent institutions and customs, having a natural tendency to the spirit of Toryism; and this inhabitive, unchangeable, uniform tenor of life, appears to arise from superior Concentrativeness, which seems also the cause of the greater constancy and selectness of female attachments. This organ, combined with large Concentrativeness, forms the principal cause of the charm which is transfused through the lyrical compositions of Moore and Burns. In the sketch of the skull of the latter, here given, their developement is very conspicuous. Combined, as they are, in the national Scottish head, they are the great feature in the national music, which, in the Jacobite airs, had so powerful an effect in producing the rebellions in favour of the Stuart family. The organs are often found separate. When Concentrativeness is large, and Adhesiveness small, this part of the head has a conical or edged appearance; the individual does not form attachments, but devotes his exclusive attention to some other pursuit, as wealth, war, science, religion.* When it is small, and Adhesiveness large, the head is broad at this region, and is hollow in the centre, immediately above Philoprogenitiveness. The individual is unsettled in his pursuits, and impatient of lengthened application to any one subject. When both are large, there is a roundness and symmetrical filling up of the superficies of the skull. SECTION V.-General Observations on the Domestic Group of Feelings. We have now completed the survey of what may be called the primitive domestic faculties, and the fundamental affections of animal nature-the Love of Sex, of Offspring, of Special Attachment, of the Desire of Society. We would warn the reader against the too frequent abuse of terms in which Phrenologists have indulged, in treating of these organs, in the description or analysis of human character. Because they are common to man with the other animals, they are termed lower propensities, and are said to be the great causes of crime; by which language they often hold a lower place in public estimation than their own qualities would warrant. They are not low faculties; nay, even the beasts, and birds, and fishes, which inherit them, are not low. All animated nature is beautiful exceedingly-noble-dignifiedeach part, after its own manner, even exalted. The very Propensities, which it has been the fashion to call lower faculties, are staple, fundamental, paramount, in the per * Ducrow, in whom this organ (No. 3) is largely developed, leads Mr. Combe to the opinion, that he is thus enabled to concentrate all his faculties in balancing himself. We rather think that it is this organ which gives him that enthusiastic devotion to his art, which makes him never think out of it for a single hour; and that the natural language which Mr. Combe founds upon, is only that of holding the head in an upright position, in which no leaning is given to the direction of one organ more than another. If, as we think, equilibrium is produced by the action of all the organs, the man in whom they are all equally exercised at the same time, will be the best balancer. Hence, a fine Temperament, and an equal developement of all the organs, is most likely to produce the greatest perfection in this particular. |