enerally take one direction in getting from the baseient of the exchange into the street. Suppose for that urpose a single pipe of large diameter is used, for insance, one of 15 inches. The ends of the pipe bent pwards, in order to prevent the loss of oil. This pipe Would have a capacity for 10,000 conductors, which ould be drawn into the oil in groups of one hundred. know of no method by which the insulation could be > well preserved.

Now, compare the cost of such an arrangement with he conduit system that has been in process of contruction for the last six months, which when finished vill be only a place for the reception of the conductors. 'en times as much money is spent in making a poor ɔb as is necessary to make a good one.

When once in the street, the conductors would iverge and take opposite directions. Then two or nore pipes of smaller dimensions could be used. Such plan could be adopted as would accommodate the umber of wires as they diverge in different directions. Again compare the cost of such an arrangement with hat of some of the subways that have been constructed n New York City.

Philadelphia has more electrical conduits than all he other cities of the United States. There are as nany as four in some of the streets. There are, howver, very few conductors in them, but a new industry' has been developed, that of keeping the subways in epair, pumping water from the manholes, cleaning the lucts from the dregs of the sewers that have been ɔroken open and their contents deposited in the ducts and manholes.

In some cases the water mains have broken and filled che conduits with water, producing wash-outs and caving-in of street pavements. Rotating fans are used to clear the conduits of the explosive gases, which also produce death by suffocation, nearly as instantaneous as that produced by the arc light currents in New York.

We have had over fifty explosions in Philadelphia; I have this on the authority of one of our best posted electric light engineers. Most of our conduits are made of wood, and the explosions as terrific and stunning manifestations do not reach the magnitude of some that have occurred in Broadway, New York, where, according to the reports in the New York papers, a cast iron manhole cover, weighing 300 lbs., was thrown over a four-story building. The ducts of these conduits are made of wrought iron.

Conduits are expensive, and their construction a slow process, which interferes with the use of the streets. Large quantities of earth have to be carted away.

With the Brooks system the iron pipe occupies so small a space, that all the earth taken out is repacked in the trench. Ten thousand feet of trench have been opened, the pipe laid, the trench closed, repaved, and cables drawn in between 7 in the morning and 6 o'clock in the afternoon of the same day, and no patching or leveling up of pavement required afterwards.

It is stated that in laying conduits extra ducts can be provided for future growth of business.

By the Brooks system extra conductors, or a cable containing more conductors than required by the present need, can be drawn in by the one operation.

By the Brooks system there are no vacant spaces for the collection of explosive and deleterious gases.

In proof of this article it goes for something that the cable I laid for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, containing 53 conductors, has worked for nearly three years without a moment's interruption to any of the conductors, although connected to overhead wires running to New York, Pittsburgh, and Washington.

There has been no expense for repairs and maintenance except to paint that portion of the pipe running over the Schuylkill bridge and along the elevated railway.

I especially draw the attention of my friends here who have been so industrious during this time drawing out cables from conduits and repairing the conduits themselves. D. Brooks.

Philadelphia, November 15th.

Teachers and Students.

I have no desire to prolong the discussion on the above, but there are points in Prof. Ayrton's letter which I feel need correction. I never implied Prof. Ayrton was personally responsible for the suppression of a speech made by me during the discussion on Mr. Preece's paper on Lightning and. Lightning Conductors, and to which no exception whatever was taken at the time I made it. I said I presumed it had been suppressed by the editing committee; the inference I wished to convey was that it would come officially under the purview of the chairman of the committee. Prof. Ayrton's memory must be at fault when he tells your readers he had not at that period returned from Japan, for he was not only present at the Society of Telegraph Engineers, but he himself opened the discussion on the evening I spoke, viz., December 11th, 1872. There must have been a committee of some sort responsible for the publication of the Society's proceedings; who they were is a matter of small moment, but the fact that a speech I suppose considered inconvenient to an interest having influence on the council was suppressed is a matter of serious moment, which Prof. Ayrton would seem to have found it convenient not to make any comment upon.

After the meeting was over Mr. Culley, the then Chief Engineer of the Postal Telegraphs, asked me to call upon him to discuss the matters on which I had spoken, and I called upon him by appointment on the next day, December 12th, 1872.

To my surprise I found Mr. Culley very unfriendly; so much so, that I found it necessary to remind him I had called on his invitation, that I had not come to quarrel, and that I would not be provoked into a quarrel.

In the course of our discussion, as a consequence of my informing Mr. Culley that there were about 1,200 of my undemagnetisable instruments on the NorthWestern Railway, some of which had been working nearly six years, and all of them for over three years, and that all of the instruments were protected by my lightning bridges, a letter was dictated by Mr. Culley to Mr. Newman, the electrical engineer of the North-Western Railway Company.

Now Mr. Newman had taken no part in the discussion on Mr. Preece's paper, but what, I presume, was his reply to Mr. Culley's letter, appears as part of the discussion in the published Proceedings of the Society of Telegraph Engineers, my speech being wholly suppressed; and the reason, I take it, for publishing Mr. Newman's communication was, that it stated generally, cases had occurred where my coils had been fused, no details whatever being given.

On December 21st, to my surprise, I received a letter from Mr. Culley, enclosing one for publication, addressed to the Engineer, which I was asked to forward, if I approved of it. This letter was posted by me, and published in the Engineer of December 27th, 1872, and it reads as follows:-"I feel it due to Mr. S. A. Varley to say that in supplying his carbon lightning bridge to the Post Office, he proposed to connect it to the earth at every station for reasons of my own, not connected with science but simply with discipline, I preferred not to connect it to earth at the intermediate stations. The impression produced during the recent discussion at the Society of Telegraph Engineers was, that this arrangement was part of Varley's system. This impression I wish to remove, for looked at from a scientific point of view alone, the arrangement adopted is clearly not as efficient as that proposed by S. A. Varley. (Signed) R. S. Culley."

I have gone into the above details because Prof. Ayrton throws inferentially a doubt on my bona fides, and I wish to say that if the Council of the Electrical Engineers would desire to investigate the matter I am quite ready to submit to be cross-examined, on the condition that I be allowed to cross-examine Mr. Culley, Mr. Preece, and Prof. Ayrton, and also on the understanding that the whole of what transpires be published.

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Prof. Ayrton says: "I quite fail to represent the fact" when I give the credit to Mr. Dredge for having unearthed the 1854 provisional specification of Hjorth.

It appears, although I was not aware of it, that be himself made a search of the patent records a few years before Dredge did, which he communicated to the Society of Telegraph Engineers in 1879, that is to say, three years, but three years only, before Mr. Dredge published his "Electric Illumination," from which most of us learned of the existence of the 1854 specification of Hjorth.

Prof. Ayrton charges me with a want of generosity to Hjorth. This is what I published in my reference to Hjorth: "If a machine acting as described in the Hjorth specification of 1854 had been actually made it would have been an approach to the dynamo principle, and machines of the pure dynamo type would in all probability have been produced at an earlier date than 1866."

What more, I ask, could be fairly said of a machine which was never made, and which, as described, was not a machine of the pure dynamo type, as mine was. Mr. Hjorth, too, was a man not unknown to electrical engineers of this country; and his machine, had it ever been constructed, would have been a sufficient advance to have left some record of its existence.

It does not lay to Prof. Ayrton to charge me with a want of generosity. I would ask, is it generous of Prof. Ayrton to refer to Cornelius Varley as a joint discoverer of the dynamo principle after my having explained he had nothing to do with it? Was it generous in the introduction to "Electricity in the Service of Man" for his partner to refer to my discovery in such a way that nine out of ten would think he referred to my late brother and not to myself? Was it generous, to use the very mildest term possible, for Prof. Perry to tell the students he lately addressed that it was my late brother who discovered the dynamo principle, when he well knew it was myself who made the discovery?

Was it generous on the part of his colleague, Dr. Silvanus Thompson, to omit all reference to my 1866 machine in the first and second editions of his work on dynamo-electric machinery? And was it generous of him in his last edition to refer to it only in the preface, and in a misleading manner?

I must say a few words in reference to Prof. Ayrton's insinuation that I did not grasp the dynamo principle when I constructed my 1866 machine. I may mention the specification describing my 1866 machine was drawn up four months after the machine had been made and worked, and it was drawn up very hurriedly. I maintain that the passage which occurs in my specification, which a few of our mathematical physicists are ungenerous enough to try and twist from its common sense meaning, shows that I fully grasped the dynamo principle in the spirit of an engineer, and not as a mere amateur. The passage in my specification Prof. Ayrton refers, to reads thus: "We generally send an electric current through the electro-magnets before using the machine; the object of this is to secure a small amount of permanent magnetism in the direction we wish." As a matter of fact, before I started my machine for the first time I sent a current from 10 cells of a sulphate telegraph battery having a high internal resistance, and the machine started itself immediately it was set in motion.

I suppose Professor Ayrton would wish to be considered not an amateur, but an electrical engineer, having a working and a greater practical knowledge than those physicists who, according to Professor Perry, lectured and wrote upon electricity up to 1870, men who were, many of them, very able mathematicians, but who had not seriously studied electricity.

All those who deserved to be called electrical engineers long before 1866 were well aware that soft iron was capable of being permanently magnetised, and that the magnetic polarization of the ordinary soft iron of commerce could not be reversed by simply altering its position in respect to our terrestial magnet.

[NOVEMBER 29, 1889

When you construct electro-magnets of several pies of the iron of commerce the chances are the magneti existing in one part opposes and balances that of t other, and for this reason, as you must have a fulcran, however small, to resist the mechanical motion, dyn mos as a rule require a small amount of permane magnetism to be imparted to them to enable them start in the first instance.

Is it not in very bad taste, after the work I have admittedly accomplished for younger men, such as Pr fessors Ayrton, Perry and Silvanus Thompson, w charge me with ignorance of the elementary princip of magnetism as they do? I am myself disposed think that although considered as so many yards measuring tape, they are by far my superiors. The have not been able even yet to grasp as knowleis the dynamo principle in its entirety, as fully, as I have done.

Prof. Ayrton's colleagues as late as last year declared in the law courts my specifications bristled with scien tific absurdities, and Lord Trayner, at the Court Sessions, Edinburgh, asked Prof. Ewing, whom Ayruz will admit to be an authority on magnetism, whether there was any manifest absurdity in a certain passage, strongly animadverted upon by Prof. Ayrton's c leagues, and Prof. Ewing replied, "On the contrary what Mr. Varley there states, as well as what appear in other passages in his specification, shows Mr. Varley knowledge to have been very much in advance of L time."

It is easy to indulge in platitudes, as Prof. Ayna has done in the latter part of his letter. Your reader can form their own judgment as to who of the contending parties writes the most straightforwardly.

I have now only to say that I have not written with a light heart any one of my letters; they must neces sarily give offence in some quarters, and I think it very probable I shall not please many whose good opinion value, for, whilst my friends will agree with muc that I have stated, some of them will probably be af opinion that it would have been better not to have raised the veil.

No one car

I have been patient and long-suffering. fairly charge me with being grasping or anxious & advertise myself, but there is a limit to one's patience nevertheless, I should never have written what I have done, did I not feel that what really amounts to a scandal has grown up in our midst since the booming of the electric light companies.

Since I was looked up in 1885 my name has com somewhat prominently before the electric industry and what may be described as a fight between Pri Ayrton's colleagues and myself has since that period been going on. I have been doing my best to ameliorat the burdens which oppress the electric industry, and Prof. Ayrton's colleagues have been doing their bes to forge fetters which will hold the industry in bondage 1 am naturally pleased that so far victory has been t my side, and that of the electric industry as a whole. S. Alfred Varley.

Submarine Cables.

I should feel much obliged to get an answer following question :-Suppose a submarine cable co nects two distant coasts, say 400 miles; a fault arise about 20 miles from the one coast but without causing interruption in correspondence, only weakens the cr rent. Will there be any difference in the work or the cable at the two coasts, supposing the E. M. powe used is equal and both cables have only short landlines ?

Tynesider.

[The signals received at the end of the cable furthes from the fault will be weaker than those received & the other end; the signals also will be more irregular much, however, depends upon the nature of the fault EDS. ELEC. REV.]

'HIS peculiar mineral has for some years past occupied very important position in its useful application to he improvement and preservation of insulated conuctors. Being an insulator itself of a high quality, readily lends itself, from its wax-like nature, to a ombination with other insulators, or with textile abrics.

Hitherto it has not been found in any considerable uantities, except in Galicia and Moldavia, in Austria, rom which places our supplies have been reeived; but latterly an important discovery has been made of some mines in Utah, in the United States, which are now being opened out with very great uccess. The supplies, which hitherto were only btainable from Austria, will now, fortunately for America, be obtained there. This is a favourable circumstance, as very large quantities of ozokerite are used in the States for purposes other than those elecrical. It is employed for the numerous needs for which "wax" is required, and in the electrical industry t is used either by itself, or in combination with other materials. Certain well-known insulating products est upon ozokerite as their principal support.

This mineral, which is fairly well known, is obtained by mining, but from the careless character of these operations its production has been attended with some risk to life. Small quantities have been found in the United Kingdom, but our supplies commercially have come from Austria, and the shipments to this country have been very large, as ozokerite has been extensively used in what may be termed the "wax," as well as the electrical, industry.

Ozokerite, or "ozokerit," as it is indifferently spelt, is composed of about

slightly varies, and its quality or degree of hardness undergoes variations according to the different methods of purifying and refining. These qualities differ to the extent that the melting point extends from as low as 140° to about 170°, which is about the finest quality that is produced.

66

The fact that ozokerite was an insulating substance was known soon after its introduction commercially into this country, for we find, by referring to our patent records (where the history of many a subject may be traced), that a patent was taken out on the 31st December, 1869, by Augustus Matthiessen, for an insulating substance for the covering of electric telegraph conducting wires, and for electric telegraph apparatus and insulators." This invention, we learn, consists in the application of "ozokerite" or "earth wax." "Ozokerite may be applied in its natural state, or its residues or products may be incorporated with gutta-percha, India-rubber, or other known insulating substances, with or without the admixture of fibrous substances."

In 1872, on the 29th April, the late Henry Highton applied for a patent-for which provisional protection only was granted-for the application to the conducting wires of cables which are covered with guttapercha, caoutchouc, or similar materials, of a solution of paraffin, ozokerite, or shellac, to fill up the minute pores and improve the insulation.

In 1875, on the 27th May, a patent was applied for and granted to Messrs. Field and Talling, which is interesting, as it relates to the first patent in 1869. "The compounds made according to specification 3778-1869, viz., by mixing together ozokerite and gutta-percha, or like substances, by heat, having been found to be brittle and therefore useless as coatings for telegraph wires, the present invention consists in using solvents to dissolve the 'ozokerit' and elastic gums, or in masticating with or without the use of solvents."

In the same year, on November 25th, a patent was taken out by the late W. T. Henley for improvements in insulating conductors. "The improvement in the

B

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method of insulating the conductor consists in curing the India-rubber covered conductors in ozokerite, paraffin, or other similar hydro-carbon, instead of in high-pressure steam." "A double vessel, or steamjacketted cylinder, is used, the outer vessel or jacket only being charged with steam; the inner vessel is charged with hot hydro-carbon." "According to another plan, the core is cured by high-pressure steam, dried, and treated with ozokerit or paraffin under heat and pressure." In the following year Mr. Henley took out a further patent for passing the insulated conductors through ozokerite. Subsequently patents were taken out by others, but these have no particular interest.

Previous to this date, and through many subsequent years, the Messrs. Field, who were the sole importers of "ozokerite," were investigating with much skill and trouble, and at considerable expense, the various qualities and peculiarities of this material; and they succeeded in producing the various very fine qualities of ozokerite for electrical and other purposes which are generally so well known. It may be mentioned, however, that they were successful in obtaining a compound of this material and India-rubber, which they termed "nigrite," which has been used for insulating wire in a manner similar to gutta-percha. We are not aware that this wire has come into any extensive use, but that it has been tried and found capable of being manufactured is a matter of fact. We have ourselves tried some experiment with this kind of wire, extending over a very considerable period, and have found it to stand many severe tests, remaining after the lapse of several years in an unaltered condition.

Amongst the users of ozokerite will be found the Postal Telegraph Department, who have for a period exceeding eleven years used it almost entirely for the protection of their underground gutta-percha insulated wires, as a substitute for the Stockholm tar hitherto almost universally used, but abandoned on account of its action upon the quality of the gutta-percha wire at that time employed. The action of Stockholm tar upon gutta-percha was well known as tending to considerably reduce the insulation, but it had been, and still is, in certain quarters used in combination with some fabric, as the best preservative for gutta-percha wires underground or in tunnels. The gutta-percha covered wires were protected with tape well-tarred, and with the best quality of material this had been found to answer remarkably well; but about the year 1878 the use of tar was abandoned, and some experiments having been for a length of time tried with ozokerite, it was found suitable, and since that date it has been almost continuously used. The use of ozokerite was tried experimentally several years before tar was finally abandoned. As a preservative by itself it was not found to be of the practical value anticipated, as it did not tend to preserve the fabric it was used in connection with to the extent expected. A certain admixture of Stockholm tar-whose antiseptic qualities have been so well proved-was found to give the desired results, and since the abandonment of pure tar the underground gutta-percha wires of the Post Office have been protected by tape well soaked in a mixture of ozokerite and

[DECEMBER 6, 1889.

tar. As a practical result it may be worth while mentioning that the use of ozokerite has been found improve the insulation.

The preparation of the cables for the undergrouri street of London and provincial towns is an importaz work, and has invariably been carried out, formerly b the Electric and International Telegraph Company, and subsequently by the Post Office at Gloucester Road Factory. Where the insulated wires have been received direct from the manufacturers, and first having bet thoroughly covered with the tape prepared with ozokerite compound, have been made into the necessary cables. The tape used for the purpose is of a special class, and is first passed through a bath of compound and then cooled by passing through water. The compound consists of about three parts by weight of ozokerite to one part of Stockholm tar; it is kept heated in a boiler, and maintained at the lowest tem perature at which it can be kept fluid; the water cools the prepared tape, and prevents it sticking on being wound off on to a bobbin. The wires are taped in the ordinary manner; gutta-percha wire thus treated is found to last in a very satisfactory manner. The quality of the ozokerite used by the Post Office is different to the harder sort mostly in use, being softer and possessing somewhat different characteristics, it melts also at a lower temperature, somewhere about 156° Fahr., and, as may be supposed, mixes thoroughly with the tar.

use

It will be seen, therefore, from what we have said that this mineral or "earth-wax" is an important industry, and that a very large supply is in demand not only for our underground wires, but also for our elec tric light wires, for in their insulation and in ther external preservation all cable and wire manufacturers "ozokerite very largely. It would be very diff. cult to supply its place for the manufacture of electric light wires, for whilst ozokerite has many of the qual ties of paraffin wax, it has others which that material does not possess. The continuous supply of this material is therefore much to be desired, and the recent discoveries in the United States are consequently welcome.

TELEGRAPHY.

THE disappointment which from time to time has beer expressed in the last few years with reference to the conduct of the Society of Telegraph Engineers (now the Institution of Electrical Engineers) in apparently looking coldly on the branch of science for the prome tion of which it was originally founded, is, we believe. confined to but a small knot of malcontents. The com parative indifference with which the subject of tele graphy and its directly allied branches is regarded is of course, due to the all-absorbing interest, both com mercial and scientific, with which the electric ligh industry is regarded. That there remains but little further to be done in telegraphy, whether overland submarine, cannot perhaps be admitted; but, at th same time, it is, we think, a fact that the very genera

DECEMBER 6, 1889.1

atement that the science is "still in its infancy," rtainly does not apply at the present day. If we mpare the events of 25 years back with those of the day, we notice a great change; the laying of a bmarine cable 25 years ago was always heralded long efore the work was commenced, and the completion as made the opportunity for fêtes and rejoicings, &c., hich are never dreamt of in our time. In fact, the bmersion of even a very long cable is now such a atter of course that practically no public attention is aid to the matter. Of land telegraphy we hear equally ttle. It is true that, from time to time, ingenious mechanical ideas which professedly would greatly imrove the working of the wires are patented, but it is arely, if ever, the case that they are adopted, or found eneficial in practice. The inventors, of course, are itter in their cry that their ideas are most unjustitably blackballed when they themselves, who have ad no practical experience, know so much better than hose who have, what is really of value. No doubt, in ome cases, partial injustice is done, but we believe it is very rarely so. The idea which has been suggested of new Society, to specially deal with telegraphy, telephony, &c., being started is, we think, quite absurd; che numbers which would join it would, we are sure, be insignificant, and papers would be read to a depressingly thin audience. But after all, as regards the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the matter rests in the hands of the members themselves; to complain that telegraph matters are neglected, means that no papers are read on the subject, and, again, this means not that papers are submitted and rejected, but that no papers at all are offered, which again looks very much as if there was really very little to be said or discussed.

IN the Standard of Tuesday, the 3rd inst., will be found a four-column display by the "Eminent" Mr. Harness, which is devoted to abuse of the Medical Profession and to the glorification of his own appliances. As one of the columns is headed "A Disclaimer," we fancied he might have been sufficiently upright to print the disclaimer made by Dr. W. E. Steavenson (in charge of the Electrical Department of St. Bartholomew's Hospital) against a paragraph appearing in the said Harness's advertisements, in which the Doctor is supposed to recommend the use of the advertiser's Electropathic Belts. The paragraph in question is a reprint from the Family Doctor, headed "Debilitated Constitutions," stating that the Consulting Physician and Electrician of St. Bartholomew's Hospital has, we are glad to say, made a move in the right direction. After finding that physic is practically useless for the relief of nervous sufferers, he writes :

There is no doubt that electricity is one of the most powerful nerve tonics we possess. No agent so quickly restores the depressed condition of the system resulting from illness. In all states of nervous depression, as from long mental strain or overtaxed bodily powers, general galvanism has proved a refreshing and most invigorating tonic.

The next point, therefore,. to be considered, is as to the best method of applying these galvanic currents to the system pleasantly without any discomfort, and for this purpose we cannot do better than strongly recommend all nervous sufferers to wear one of Harness's electropathic belts.

631

ANY reader of this would conclude that Dr. Steavenson advocated the use of these belts, but such is not the case, as the following disclaimer plainly shows. "The last paragraph is from the Family Doctor. I have never recommended the use of Harness's belts. The quotation from my writing is taken from a paper I read before the British Medical Association at Belfast in 1884. In a subsequent part of the same paper I have said" :

The galvanic belts and portable batteries, so extensively advertised, are not of the slightest use, and are great impositions on the public. If it were possible to pass a weak current of electricity through the body, or any part of the body, for an indefinite time, no doubt great tissue changes would take place. It would be impossible for such a powerful agent-one capable of splitting up all chemical compounds-to be passed through the body without causing great tissue-changes. But the skin offers such a resistance to the passage of electricity, that the body may almost be said to be insulated. No weak current, such as is produced by these battery belts, could pass through the skin. If one pole from the battery belt be applied to the body, and a galvanometer introduced between the body and the other pole, no deflection of the needle can be detected. If the current from these appliances were strong enough to overcome the resistance of the skin, sloughs would in a short time be produced at the points of application of the electrodes, a sore first appearing at the point of application of the negative pole. The same objection holds good with regard to the electric brushes; no battery that they can obtain could produce a current strong enough to penetrate the skin of the scalp.

"As direct reference is made to me in the public press in a way calculated to give a wrong impression of my views, and in my opinion to the detriment of the public, I have felt it my duty to ask you to insert this disclaimer."

THE advertisement column, however, does not mention a word about Dr. Steavenson's repudiation, but is confined to a disclaimer on Mr. Harness's part, of having been now, or at any time, a medical practitioner, and stating that he stands on his own ground as an electrician. On the top of the next column appears in full the extract from the Family Doctor, and without a word to show which are the opinions of Dr. Steavenson and which are those that emanate from the editorial brain. If the "Eminent " is so fortunate as not to come within the clutches of the law, the same fortune does not attend his subordinates. Mr. Joseph Fredk. Leeson (registered as L.R.C.S., Edin., 1858; L.R.C.P., Lond., 1861), who held a post under "The Medical Battery Company, Limited" as consulting physician, was summoned before the General Medical Council : For that he, being a registered medical practitioner, acts as cover of, or by his presence, advice and assistance, enables one Cornelius Bennett Harness, an unqualified person, to carry on the business or profession of a medical electrician, and to practise as if he were duly qualified under the style of The Medical Battery Com-. pany, Limited,' and 'The Electropathic and Zander Institute,' at 52, Oxford Street, London, W., the said Cornelius Bennett Harness publicly advertising himself as The Medical Battery Company's Consulting Medical Electrician.""

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THE evidence on which the charge against Mr. Leeson was based was a declaration by Mr. Wilson, a wine merchant of Oxford, who, seeing an advertisement in the Standard newspaper, and thinking that he was suffering from sciatica, went to the Institute with the intention of buying a guinea belt. He was told there