Chapter XI.

Derivation.

46. Derivation of Substantives. As most of what belongs under this head has already been mentioned in 11. and 12. only the formation of abstract nouns remains to be spoken of. 1. The unaltered adjective may be used as an abstract

noun, especially with the article, as: གྲང་བ་དྲོ་བར་ ,the cold is changed into warmth.

To this may

be added the pronoun ཉིད་ (གྲང་བ་ཉིད་ ,ipsum frigidum');

སྟོང་པ་ཉིད་ ,the

but this is used scarcely anywhere else than in metaphysical treatises, from whence a few expressions, such as the vacuum, the absolute rest in deliverance from existence have become more generally known. 2. In the case of two correlative ideas existing, frequently the compound of both is used, esp. in common talk,

‚size“ (lit. „large and small),

thickness' (,thick and

thin'), e.g. F'H5y53⁄4ag,the size as much as a mustard-seed'. — 3. 55,difference' (or, sometimes, 5, ཚོད་,measure') is added, མཐོ་ཁྱད་ ,height, ཕྱུག་ཁྱད་ ,wealth,

riches. 4. Mental qualities are in most cases paraphrased by སེམས་, or བློ་ with a genitive, བཟོད་པའི་སེམས་ ,mind

མཁས་པའི་བློ་ , wise

of suffering, enduring, i.e. patience', , wise

mind, wisdom, skill‘; 57'',mind of rejoicing,

joy‘(vulg: སེམས་དགའ་མོ་), དད་པའི་སེམས་ ,mind of belief (also,a believing mind'), faith'. 5. Diminutives are formed by adding the termination, often with an alteration of the preceding vowel: 5,horse', little horse,

foal'; མི་ ,man', མིའུ་ ,little man, dwarf‘; རྡོ་ ,stone་, རྡེའུ་

,small stone, calculus'. If a word ends with a consonant, only u is added, and a new syllable formed:,sheep“,

ལུ་གུ་ ,lamb·.

47. Derivation of Adjectives. 1. Possessive adjectives are regularly expressed by adding the syllable, or the phrase དང་ལྡན་པ་, abridged ལྡན་ to any substantive, མགོ་ ཅན་ ,having a head‘; མི་མགོ་ཅན་,having the head of a man‘; སྐྲ་ཅན་ ,having hair, (long-) hairedí; རིག་པ་ཅན་, རིག་པ་ དང་ལྡན་པ་ ,possessing knowledge, learned, wise‘; དང་ལྡན་

is never heard in common talk in WT. - 2. Adjectives of appurtenance are generally expressed by the genitive of

3. Negative, or

the substantive, གསེར་གྱི་ ,of gold, golden'; ཤའི་མིག་ ,the eye of flesh, the carnal, bodily eye', oppos.: „‚Ì‹Ò1ठ̈ the eye of knowledge, spiritual eye'. privative adjectives are formed in several ways: a) by the simple negative མི་, མི་འོས་པ་ ,anworthy'; མི་རུང་བ་ ,unfit'; ',unheard of. b) by adding

without

མགོ་མེད་ ,headless་; སྐྱོན་མེད་ ,faultless'. c) by adding the verb བྲལ་(བ་) ,separated from', ལུས་དང་བྲལ་བ་, ལུས་བྲལ་ ,separated from the body, bodiless'. 4. The English adjectives in -able, -ible are expressed by,to be fit,

added to the Supine, or to the simple Root,

35,

2,fit for drinking, drinkable', vulgo: R53*

(from ཉན་པ་ ,to be able“), འཐུང་ཆོག་ (ཆོག་ ,permitted,

lawful').

Part III.

Syntax.

48. Arrangement of words. 1. The invariable rule is this: in a simple sentence all other words must precede the verb; in a compound one all the subordinate verbs in the form of gerunds or supines, and all the coordinate verbs in the form of the root, each closing its own respective clause, must precede the governing verb (examples s. below). 2. The order in which the different cases of substantives belonging to a verb are to be arranged, is rather optional, so that e.g. the agent may either precede or follow its object. Local and temporal adverbs or adverbial phrases are, if possible, put at the head of the sentence. 3. The order of words belonging to a substantive is this: 1 The Genitive, 2. the governing Substantive, 3. the Adjective (unless this is itself put, in the genitive, before; 16), 4. the Pronoun, 5. the Numeral, 6. the indefinite Article: thus, ངུ་འདི་ ,this my little daughterf; གོས་དམར་པོ་ཞིག་ gown‘; གོས་དམར་པོ་ or དམར་པོའི་གོས་ ,the red gowní; རྒྱལ་ཁམས་ཆེན་པོ་འདི་གསུམ་ ,these three great kingdoms. Adverbs precede the word they belong to: ཤིན་ཏུ་ཆེན་པོ་ ,very great'; ཤིན་ཏུ་མགྱོགས་པར་ཤོག་ ,come very quickly'. —

,

a red

4. In correlative sentences (cf. 29) the Relative precedes the Demonstrative: གང་ཡོད་པ་དེ་ཐོང་ཞིག་ ,what there is, ¶¶¶‚what

give!' i. e.,give whatever you have', and in comparative sentences the thing with which another is compared, ordinarily precedes this (cf. 17).

49. Use of the cases. As the necessary observations

about the instrumental have been made in 30, about the other cases and postpositions partly in 15, partly in 43, it is only the Accusative, that requires a few words more, as it is very often used absolutely (as in Greek). a) Acc.

temporalis: མཚན་མོ་ ,at night‘; གསོན་པོའི་ཚེ་ ,during (his etc.) lifetime'; དེའི་ཚེ་, དེ་དུས་ ,at that time་; ཉི་མ་གཅིག་

'',having studied for one day, after one day's

study'. — b) Acc. modalis: regarding

་ཟླུམ་པ་

the size, roand་; གཏིང་ཟབ་ཁྱད་ཁྲུ་བརྒྱད་པ་ ,regarding the

garding colour, being like smoke' (cf. 50, 1, a); £&

,with regard to (his) birth, equal' i. e,of equal

birth. Here (42. 1) is very often employed:

ནི་ཟླུམ་པ་

etc. Nearly in all cases, however, postpositions may be added, and in talking they are preferred to the

simple Accusative: མཚན་མོ་ལ་, མཚན་ལ་, དེའི་ཚེ་ན་, དབྱིབས་

etc.

Jäschke, Tibetan Grammar.

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