of connecting the attribute with its subject, as: མི་འདི་ལ་ དྭགས་པ་ཡིན་ ,this man is a Ladakee་, དེ་ཁྱེད་ལགས་སམ་ ,is

it you, Sir?'. Therefore the question is to be understood,who are you' or,who is he' etc., the personal pronoun being often let to be guessed. — itself is often omitted

in daily life in WT as well as in poetry, e.g.

ཨི་ཁར་རུ་མ་

,this load (is) very heavy' WT. Negatively: H3⁄4Ã,

མིན་ vulg. མན་, resp. མ་ལགས་.

b) ཡོད་པ་ y0d-pa,

yö’-pa, eleg. HÂÃ♫ či-pa, resp. ¬GH4 zug(s)-pa,Ü: ziu-pa, negat.: མེད་, མ་མཆིས་, མི་བཞུགས་

means to exist',

or,to be present',,to be found at a place', therefore the question is to be understood:, Who is here? Who

is there?་ --- ཡོད་ amd བཞུགས་པ་

མཆིས་

are in general use, HỀNTM

is seldom heard. When connected with the Dative of a substantive it replaces the English,to have, to have got, as:

ང་ལ་དངུལ་ཡོད་ ,I have money་; ང་ལ་ཟུག་ཡོད་ ,I have pain‘.

In this case the respectful term is not

མངའ་བ་ ia-cu:

རྒྱལ་པོ་ལ་སྙུན་མི་མངའ་འམ་

གཞུགས་པ་ but ,has not the

King an indisposition?' i. e. , is Your Majesty ill?'. c) འདུག་པ་ dug-pa (eleg. གདའ་བ་ is seldom heard), resp.

,,to be present, stay, be found at a place'; negat.

མི་འདུག་. Both འདུག་པ་ and ཡོད་པ་ can be used instead

of ′, though not this instead of them.

d)རེད་པ་ zrê -p« = འདུག་པ་, negat. མ་རེད་ in Spiti and CT, seldom

in books. — e) 55′ mod-pa, mö’-pa has a somewhat emphatical sense, to be (something) in a high degree',,to be (somehow) in plenty'. It occurs most frequently in the Gerund with (41.), when it frequently has the sense of ‚though, but never with a negative.— ƒ) § nań-wa, originally,to appear, to be visible, extant', negat. D'5". Sometimes in books, and common in certain districts. g) In books the concluding o (34.) is, moreover, fouud to represent the verb,to be in all its meanings, and is capable of being connected with words of all classes besides verbs,

e.g. དང་པོ འོ་ ,is the first་ = དང་པོ་ཡིན་. Jn a similarmanner

a

also the of the Imperative (38.) implies the verb to

be'.

h) The Preterit root for all these verbs is son ,was, has been', and besides also,has gone, become', which is its original meaning. For the use of these verbs as

auxiliaries s. 35. sq.

འགྱུར་བ་

2. originally,to be changed, turned into something' then,to become, to grow', auxiliary for the Future tense in the old classical language, as mentioned in 37. Since this can be considered as the intransitive or passive notion, opposite to to make, render', the connection

54

of 2

40. Subst. Verbs. 41. Gerunds and Supines.

with the Term. Inf. of another verb must, in many cases, be rendered by the passive voice in our languages. In WT the verb 'ča-če,to go' is used in the sense of,to become, to grow'. The Perfect root for both is

,(went), grew, became, has become, is' (s. above). — In CT and later books Q is used instead.

འབྱུང་བ་ is used

3.,must' is expressed by 5,to be necessary' (s. 38. Note). In WT this is used in a very wide sense for any possible modification of the notion of necessity: I must, should, want to, ought' and even, I will, wish, beg (for something)' is nothing but to me is necessary which may be, in the last mentioned case, rendered somewhat

more politely by adding ཞུ་ 2u ,pray!‘ ང་ལ་ཨ་ལུ་དགོས་ཞུ g

,I want potatoes, pray!' is as much to say as, Will you kindly give me some potatoes'. In books and more refined language several other verbs are used in the same sense, viz. ‚it is right to' (usually with the Genit. Infin.),

རུང་བ་ ,it is meet, decent', འདོད་པ་ ,to wish, desire‘, both with the Supine; 5,to like' with the Dat. Inf. The popular substitute of the last, especially in use in WT, is 395, of similar meaning, added to the root.

41. Gerunds and Supines. We retain these terms, employed by former grammarians, but observe that they do not refer to the form, but to the meaning, as well as that Gerund is not to be understood in the same signification

as in Latin, but as the Gérondif of some French grammarians, or what Shakespeare calls Past conjunctive participle in Hindi. These forms are of the greatest importance in Tibetan, being the only substitutes for most of those subordinate clauses which we are accustomed to introduce by conjunctions. They are formed by the two monosyllabic

appendices དེ་ (so after the closing consonants ན་ ར་ ལ་ ས; དེ་ after དེ, སྟེ་ after ག་ང་བ་མ and vowels and ཅིང་ (ཤིང་ or according to the same rule as ཅིག་ 13.), both of

which are added to the root, or by the terminations mentioned in 15. as composing the declension of nouns, which are added partly to the root, partly to the Infinitive or Participle.

A. Gerunds. All the following forms can be rendered by the English Participle ending in ing, but the more accurate distinctions must be expressed by various conjunctions.

1.etc.), the most frequent of all these endings. It is added to the Present-root as well as to the Perfect-root:

གདོང་སྟེ་ ,giving', བཏང་སྡེ་ ,having given', and stands for all

clauses beginning with when, as, since, after etc. Also in the spoken language of WT it is used most frequently.

Examples: ཕྲུ་གུ་ཆུས་ཁྱེར་ཏེ་ཤིའོ་ ,the child, having been carried away by the water, died‘; རྒྱལ་པོ་ཤི་སྟེ་རྒྱལ་སྲས་ཀྱིས་

,the king having died, the prince occupied

the throne (kings-place)'; ཆུ་ཆེན་པོ་ཞིག་དེ་རུ་ཡོད་དེ་འགྲུལ་མི་

ཐུབ་བོ་

2.

,as there is a great water, we cannot go'.

etc.), of a similar sense, chiefly used for

smaller clauses within a large one;

a large one; མི་དགའ་ཞིང་ཁྲོས་ཏེ་,when,

being displeased, he became angry', or,growing displeased and angry'. Often it denotes two actions going on at the same time, or two states of a thing existing together, and then can only be translated by,and', thus, R ̈Â5·85 ́ མུ་མེད་ ,without end and boundary་'; ཤ་ལ་ཟ་ཞིང་ཁྲག་ལ་འཐུང་

,to eat flesh and drink blood*). It stands also in a

causal sense: ,by doing etc.', as: ཉ་བཤོར་ཞིང་འཚོའོ་,(we)

live by catching fish'. These two (1. and 2.) can also, like the closing o, as mentioned in 40. 1. g, be added to every class of words, in the sense of being: ̈ ̈ ̈ ̈ ́

sense of ཁྱོད་རིགས་ཆེ་ཞིང་མཐོ་ བ་སྟེ་ as you are high (-born), being of a great family'.

In conversation, is scarcely ever heard.

3. (from, or after, doing something) in temporal clauses with,after, when, as'; practically it is very much like, and often alternating with it. In most cases, in speaking always, it is added to the root, seldom to the infi

*) The objects of ཟ་བ་ and འཐུང་བ་ often assume the dative

sign, cf. English,to feed on'.