Chapter V. Pronouns. 24. Personal Pronouns. First person: na; 25 ned, ië'; ངོས་ %08 (Ld); ཁོ་བོ་ ko-ao, masc., and ཁོ་མོ་ ko-mo, fem.; 5 dag‚self — བདག་ ,I'; Second person: ཁྱོད་ kyod ko, (kyö’'), 5 kyed (kye”), thou, you'; Third person: The plural is formed by adding ཅག་, རྣམས་,ཅག་རྣམས་ or , but very often, if circumstances show the meaning with sufficient certainty, the sign of the plural is altogether omitted. The declension is the same as that of the substantives. Remarks: is the most common and can be used by every body; (s. Note); 5 seems to be preferred in elegant speech is very common in modern letter writing, at least in WT; 45, self', when speaking to superior persons occurs very often in books, but has disappeared from common speech, except in the province of Tsan (Tasilhunpo) as also the following;, in easy conversation with persons of equal rank, or to inferiors. 2. person.is used in books in addressing even the highest persons, but in modern conversation only among equals or to inferiors; is elegant and respectful, especially in books. 3. person. monstr. pron. 35 seldom occurs in books, where the de (§ 26) is generally used instead; is common to both the written and the spoken language, and used, at least in the latter, as respectful. But, it must be remarked that the pronoun of the third person is in most cases entirely omitted, even when there is a change of subject. people of WT use is ཁོ་པ་. Instead of ང་ཅག་ and ཁྱོད་ཅག་ the and ; the vulgar plural of s ང་ཞ་ ཁྱོ་ཞ་; ཁོ་ To each of these pronouns may be added: ran or ñid, ñï3‚self, and in conversational language 5°55′, are, perhaps, even more frequently used than the simple forms, without any difference in the meaning. is more prevalent in books, except the ཉིད་ compound i-ran, which is in modern speech the usual respectful pronoun of address, like,Sie in German. Note. The predilection of Eastern Asiatics for a system of ceremonials in the language is met with also in Tibetan. There is one separate class of words, which must be used in reference to the honoured person, when spoken to as well as when spoken of. To this class belong, be sides the pronouns ཉིད་རང་, ཁྱེད་, ཁོང་, all the respectful terms by which the body or soul, or parts of the same, and all things or persons pertaining to such a person, and 3* 36 24.-25. Pron. Respectful and Elegant Terms. even his actions, must be called. The notions, most fre quently occurring, have special expressions, as སྐུ་(6)&u,instead of Qlus, lụ,,body'; 55′ u, i. o. I go‚head'; ཐུགས་ tug(s) (Ü: ta), i.o. སེམས་ em(༦) ,soul', or ཡིད་ yid, yi',,mind'; WA yab, i.o. 4 (vulg: '4'),,father'; gos, ན་བཟའ་ a-zu, i.o. གོས་ ༡༠8, !, ,coat', ,dress་; ཆིབས་ čib(s), i. o. 5′′ (r)ta, sta,horse'; G4 zug(s)-pa (Ü: žū-pa), i.o. dod-pa, dö'-pa,to sit; HÉZ dzad-pa, dza'-pa i. o. Ì54 jed-pa, jhë’-pa,to make' and many others. If there is no such special word, any substantive may be rendered respectful by adding སྐུ་ or ཤྲུགས་ spectively (so, Hỡi.o. X‚lifetime'; སྐུ་ཚེ་ re Ti.0.ÉT ཐུགས་ཁྲོ་བ་i.༠. ཁྲོ་བ་ ‚anger“) any verb by adding, according to 39, 1. Another class of what might be called elegant terms are to be used when conversing with an honoured person (or also by a high person himself in his own speech), such as gyid-pa, gyï'-pa,to do'; HĦ či-pa,,to be'; 5 lad-du, lä ̈-du i. o. སླད་དུ་ 5′,for the sake of, with ཕྱིར་དུ་ out reference to the said person himself. Even uneducated people know, and make use of, most of the,respectful terms, but the merely ,elegant' ones are, at least in WT, seldom or never heard in conversation. 25. Possessive pronouns. The Possessive is simply expressed by the Genitive of the Personal, ངའི་, ཁྱོད་ཀྱི་ etc. ‚His', ‚her', ‚its', when referring to the acting subject (suus), must be expressed by otherwise (ejus) by case, ང་ཅན་, ཁྱོད་ཅན་, ཁོ་ཅན་ or are used. his own'; In C, in the latter 26. Reflective and Reciprocal pronouns. 1. The Reflective pronoun,,myself',,yourself' etc. is expressed by 5, ཉིད་, also བདག་. But in the case of the same person being the subject and object of an action, it must be paraphrased, so for,he precipitated himself from the rock' must be said ‚he precipitated his own body etc.; for,he re buked himself' · ,he rebuked his own soul‘ རང་གི་སེམས་ 2. The reciprocal pronoun,each other' or,one another' is rendered by,one one', as གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་བསད་ ,by one one was killed',,they killed one another'; གཅིག་ན་རེ་ to one one said',,they said to each other. 27. Demonstrative pronouns. 1. di,,this; de, dhe, that' are those most frequently used, both in books and speaking. The Plural is generally formed by 5, but also by and F. More emphatical are འདི་ཀ་, འདི་ག་, འདི་ཀོ་, འདི་གོ་, ,just this་, ,this same; དེ་ཀ་ etc. The vulgar dialect also uses ཧ་གྱི་ kd-gyà and z✈ på-gyi for,that',,yonder, and, in WT, Ê, ཨི་པོ་ for ,this‘and ཨ་ for ,that'; ཕ་གྱི་ occurs even in books. 2. It is worth remarking that the distinction of the nearer and remoter relation is, even in common language, scrupulously observed. If reference is made to an object already mentioned, is used; if to something fol lowing, འདི་; e.g. དེ་སྐད་ཅེས་སྨྲས་སོ་ ,that speech he said;, ‚thus he said';,this speech he said‘, ,he said thus, spoke the following words'. 28. Interrogative pronouns. They are gan, gh.,which?'; su, who?'; èi,what?'; to these the indefi nite article ཞིག་ is often added, སུ་ཞིག་ etc. The two former can also assume the plural termination དག་, སུ་དག་, གང་ དག་. — In CT གང་ is frequently used instead of ཅི་ 29. Relative pronouns. These are almost entirely wanting in the Tibetan language, and our subordinate relative clauses must be expressed by Participles und Gerunds, or a new independent sentence must be begun. The participle, in such a case, is treated quite as an adjective, being put either in the Genitive before the substantive, or, in the Nominative, after: འགྲོ་བའི་ཚོང་པ་རྣམས་ ,the merchants who would go (with him)'; ཉག་ཐག་གཡུ་བརྒུས་པ་ ,the cord on which turquoises are strung་; འཁྱོས་མ་མང་པོ་ཡོང་བ་ཞིག་ |