289. Majore, louder.

291. Usque ad delicias votorum, even to the luxury of vows; even to delighting herself in fancying details of loveliness and vowing offerings for each charm. Various translations of this phrase have been proposed, as even to a foolish fondness in her vows, even to fastidiousness in her prayers, even till she dallies with her prayers, even to caprice in her vows, even to enticements (of the gods) in her vows, etc., etc.—The subject of inquit is not mater, but a supposed objector representing the common opinions, some one.

294. Rutila is any one with a hump on her back.

295. Suam, sc. faciem.

298 sq. Horrida, sternly virtuous; of old-fashioned strictness. For such morals the Sabines were famed,

300 sq. Modesto sanguine ferventem, glowing with modest blood; i. e. blushing.

304. Esse viro, to be a man (in the full sense of that great word). 325. Hippolytus resisted the advances of Phaedra, who was the daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and so is called Cressa (327). — Grave propositum, his stern resolve. — Bellerophon would not yield to the solicitations of Stheneboea (327). Anteia is the name generally given, instead of Stheneboea.

326. Haec. I. e. Phaedra.

Repulsa (pw Kiær), when refused. Heinrich, Jahn, and Ribbeck, read repulso, after P Ss. M. Haupt would read hac for haec, (hac... repulsa.) Kiær would omit the pronoun altogether, making Stheneboea the subject of erubuit. If repulso is read, it must be taken, as Heinrich says, as (6 an ablative absolute of the participle,

quum accidisset repulsa. Cf. Gronov. ad Liv. i. 41. Perizon. ad Sanct. p. 574 ed. Scheid."

327 sq. Se concussere. Aroused themselves to vengeance" is the stock translation here. Comparing Verg. Aen. vii. 338 and Ov. Met. iii. 726 and iv. 473, we find a better interpretation, were excited to madness. So Heinrich, Macleane, Weidner.

329 sqq. Elige . . . destinat. "Choose what advice should be given to him whom Caesar's wife resolves to marry." C. Silius (optimus . . . patriciae) was a handsome youth whom the Empress Messalina fell in love with and married publicly during the absence from Rome of her husband Claudius. The latter remained ignorant of the whole affair till it was revealed to him by his freedman Narcissus, whereupon Silius and Messalina, with many others, were put to death.

334. Tyrius. I. e. covered with purple spreads.— Genialis, sc. lectus or torus. — In hortis, sc. Luculli. Cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 37.

335. A dowry will be given after the old custom; a dowry amounting to a million sesterces. This seems to have been the usual dowry among the upper classes, like £10,000 with the English. Cf. Lips. ad Tac. Ann. ii. 86; Sen. Consol. ad Helv. 12.- For et Kiær suggests the emendation ex, to accord with Juvenal's frequent practice, in a sentence of four members, to connect the first two by a conjunction, and add the second two without a copula. In this instance the change to asyndeton would neatly concur with the change in tense.

336. The signatores were witnesses to the marriage-contract. – The auspices attended at weddings, though the practice of taking auspicia had been given up. Val. Max. ii. 1, 1.

345. "Decapitation and strangling were the common way of executing criminals, except the lowest and slaves, who were crucified.” 347. Permittes, you will leave it. Cf. Hor. Carm. i. 9, 9: permitte divis cetera.

354. Ut tamen et poscas aliquid, if, however, you must e'en ask for something. Et is used for emphasis, as the Greeks sometimes Kaí. Another translation is possible: That, however, you may e'en ask for something, and make your little offering to the gods, pray etc. With the ancients, prayer was inseparable from offering. — Sacellis means the chapel in every man's house, in which were images of the Lares, to whom the offering of a pig was common (Hor. Carm. iii. 23, 4)."

355. Divina, dear to the gods. — Tomacula (réμvw), cut pieces of flesh, to be burnt on the altar. Conington (on Pers. ii. 30) remarks that the details in this line are mentioned contemptuously, and compares xiii. 117 sq.

358. Inter munera naturae. “ And counts it nature's privilege to die.” (Dryden.) Weidner, very differently, translating spatium vitae extremum "the farthest bounds of life," considers the especially kind gift of nature to be length of days.

362. Pluma. Beds of down.

365. Habes. So most MSS. and recent editors; but P has abest, and the line is quoted with abest by Lactantius. Hermann and Macleane read abest. I have modified Macleane's Argument (p. 221) to bring out the true meaning. - Numen, as often, is divine power.— Prudentia is moral prudence; involving forethought.

363-366: "Man is his own star, and the soul that can

Render an honest and a perfect man

Commands all light, all influence, all fate." -John Fletcher.

SATIRE XI.

ARGUMENT.

1-20. IF Atticus lives well, he's reckoned generous; if Rutilus, a madman. All men laugh to see a pauper epicure, and so all talk of Rutilus. He's young and stout enough for the wars, and yet, he is impelled (the prince consenting) to train for the arena. There's many a man who lives but for his palate, for whom his creditor looks out at the entrance of the market. The poorest live the best, just on the verge of bankruptcy. Meanwhile they search the elements for dainties, regardless of the price, or in their hearts preferring what is dearest. For men so reckless it is not hard to get the money. They'll sell their dishes or their mother's image, to season for four hundred sesterces a glutton's crockery. "Tis thus they come to gladiator's fare.

21-55. That, then, which riches make respectable is wanton luxury in the poor. The man of learning who knows not the difference between a cash chest and a little purse, I do well to despise. That rule came down from heaven, "KNOW THYSELF." Remember it when you think of marrying or entering the Senate (Thersites did not seek Achilles' armor in which Ulysses made a doubtful figure); or if you aim at pleading some great cause, think who you are, whether a mighty speaker or mere mouther. In great things or in small, a man should know his own measure. Buy not a mullet if your purse will go no further than a gudgeon. What can you come to, if your appetite grows larger as your purse grows emptier; when all you have is buried in your belly? The ring goes last, and Pollio with bare finger begs. Wantonness fears not early death, but age much worse than death. The steps are these. Money is borrowed first, and spent at Rome; but when the usurer begins to trouble them, then off they go to Baiae and the oysters. To run away from the forum is no worse than from Subura to migrate to Esquiliae: they only care that they must lose the games: they never think of blushing: Modesty is laughed at as she flies the town, and few men care to stay her.

56-129. To-day, my friend, you'll see whether I practise the fine things I preach, or praise plain fare but call for rich. You'll find in me Evander as the host, you shall be Hercules or Aeneas. Now

listen to your dinner. A young kid from my farm, and wild herbs gathered by my gardener's wife; fresh eggs warm in the nest, and hens that laid them; grapes fresh as when plucked; the finest pears and apples, the crude juice dried from out them. Such was the dinner of our senators when first they grew luxurious. The herbs he gathered in his little garden, such as a ditcher now turns up his nose at, Curius would boil with his own hand. The flitch hung up to dry in former times they kept for holidays, and lard for birthdays for their blood relations, and part of the victim's meat. The great man who had thrice been consul, dictator too, went to such feasts stalking along with spade upon his shoulder. In the strict Censor's days no one would ask what sort of turtles might be found in the sea, to ornament the rich man's couch: they were content with a rude ass's head. Their food and house and furniture were plain alike. Unskilled in art, the cups they got for plunder the soldiers broke to ornament their harness or their helmets. The only silver that they had adorned their arms. Their homely fare was served in earthen-ware. If you're inclined to envy, you might envy those good times. The gods were nearer unto men; they warned the city of the Gauls' approach, such care for Rome had Jupiter when made of clay. The tables then were made of home-grown wood. But now the richest viands have no flavor except on a round table with a carved ivory stem; a silver one to rich men is rude as an iron ring upon the finger.

129-182. I'll have no guest, then, who despises poverty. I have not an ounce of ivory in all my house; the very handles of my knives are bone; and yet they do not spoil the meat, or cut the worse for that. And I've no carver taught by first-rate artist, who teaches them to cut up all fine dishes. My man's a novice too, and cannot filch except in a small way, a chop or so. I've only a rough boy in woollen clothes to offer you my vulgar herbs, no eastern bought for a vast price from dealers. Whatever you may ask for ask in Latin. They all are dressed alike, their hair cropped straight, combed out to-day in honor of my guest; boys from the farm, modest as those should be who wear the purple. One shall bring you wine grown on his native hills. And for our sports, we'll read what Homer wrote and his peer Virgil. It matters not what voice recites such verses.

183-208. But come, put care away and take a rest. We'll have no word of debts or jealous thoughts; before my door you must put off all this, home and its troubles, slaves and their breakages, and, worse than all, the ingratitude of friends. The great Idaean games are going on. The praetor, victim of his horses, sits as a conqueror in triumph; all Rome (the multitude must pardon me) has poured into the Circus, and by that shout I know that Green has won the day. For had it not, you might have seen the city all in mourning as on that day of Cannae. Let boys go look at games, boys who can shout and bet and sit by girls they love. Let my shrunk skin drink in the sun, and put the toga off. To-day, an hour ere noon, you may go to bathe: you must not do so every day of the six, for even such a life as that would pall. Pleasures are sweeter for unfrequent use. — MACLEANE, with modifications.

1-3. Atticus is used here for any rich man, and Rutilus for one who has beggared himself. T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero, was very wealthy, and his name may have become proverbial. Apicius was a noted gourmand. Pauper Apicius, a poor Apicius.— Eximie - prae aliis. 4. Convictus

convivium. Omnis convictus, every dinner-table. "Around the thermae, or public baths, there were promenades and spaces, called scholae, where people were in the habit of sitting, walking about, and gossiping.". Statio, in post-Augustan use, is any place of public resort.

6. Galeae, sc. ferendae. — Ardent. So Jahn, Ribbeck, Hermann, on the conjecture of C. Barth and others. Most MSS. ardens; two give ardenti and one ardentis. Weidner ardet, after Guietus.

7. The tribunus plebis appears to have had some kind of judicial authority, a cognitio extraordinaria, under the empire. The tribune here is the emperor himself. - Prohibente intercedente, interfer

ing to stop it.

=

8. To sign the bond and take the oath, such as a tyrant imposes, of the trainer of gladiators. — Verba scribere suggests verba praeire. Upon entering the service, the gladiators swore uri, vinciri, verberari, ferroque necari, and to suffer whatever else the trainer commanded, - truly regia verba, from the mouth of the trainer who imposes them as the oath. Many commentators understand scribere here simply of writing out the rules etc., in order to learn them by heart.

12. Egregius. An unusual comparative form, from the adverb egregie. - Egregius meliusque, sc. ceteris. Or, as Heinrich says, the sense is: quo quisque horum miserior est et citius casurus, eo melius cenat.

13. Casurus. I. e. about to become bankrupt. - Perlucente ruina. A metaphor from the daylight shining through the cracks in a ruined house.

14. Interea. I. e. before the final crash.-Gustus, dainties; not necessarily the relishes eaten at the promulsis, or preliminary course, to whet the appetite. (Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 7 sqq.) They were sought elementa per omnia, from water, air, and earth, fish, fowl, and vegetables.

15. Animo, their fancy.

17. Perituram arcessere summam, "to fetch the money which they are bent on throwing away."