Difficile est jūdĭcārē.

(Difficult (it) is to judge.)

It is difficult to judge, or, To judge is difficult.

REM.-Here judicare (to judge) is the subject of the proposition, for

it is that of which the predicate difficile est (is difficult) is affirmed. It is in the nominative case, and subject of the verb est, and the adjective difficile agrees with it.

185. When the noun in the predicate after esse does not denote the same person or thing as the subject, it is put in the genitive; e. g.,

Christiānī est nēmĭněm violārě.

(Of a Christian it is nobody to wrong.)

It is the duty (or part) of a Christian to wrong nobody.

REM. 1.-In this example the subject is nēmĭněm viõlāre, and the predicate, Christiānī est.

REM. 2.-Combining articles 180 and 185 we have the following 186. RULE OF SYNTAX.-A noun in the predicate, after the verb esse, is put,

1) In the same case as the subject when it denotes the same person or thing; e. g., Cícĕrð ĕrăt consul, Cicero was consul.

2) In the genitive when it denotes a different person or thing; e. g., Christiānī est nēmĭněm vio

lare, it is the duty of a Christian to wrong nobody. 187. In rendering into English, when a genitive fol· lows any part of the verb esse (as est, ĕrăt, ĕrit, &c.), such a substantive as duty, part, mark, business, &c., must be supplied.

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189. Exercises.

(a) 1. Humānum est peccare. 2. Humanum est

errare. 3. Turpe est fidem suam violāre.

est filium suum docere. 5. Regis est regnare.

4. Patris'

6. Matris est filias suas docere. 7. Servi est viam monstrare. 8. Turpe est poetae domum evertere. 9. Matres filias laudant. 10. Boni est fidem servare. 11. Impii est fidem violare.

REM. 1.-In English, when an infinitive mood is the subject of a proposition, the pronoun it is used before the verb is; hence, in translating such sentences into Latin, this pronoun it, which represents, as it were, the coming infinitive or clause, must be omitted. REM. 2.-After it is, such a substantive as part, duty, business, mark, must be omitted in translating into Latin.

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(b) 1. It is a great (thing) not to fear death. 2. It is easy to err. 3. It is (the duty)' of a Christian to keep (his) word. keep the laws.

4. It is (the part) of a wise (man) to

8.

5. It is disgraceful to neglect a son. 6. It is naturalto-man to prize money very highly. 7. It is the mark of an unlearned man to think little of wisdom. It is the slave's business to shut the gates of the city. 9. It is difficult to shut the gates of the city. 10. A

good citizen will observe the laws of his country. 11. It is the part of a good citizen to observe the laws of his country.

LESSON XXXV.

Verbs.-Tenses for Completed Action.-First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations.

190. THE tenses which we have thus far used, viz., the present, imperfect, and future, represent the action of the verb as continuing (11), i. e., as not completed. There are also three tenses for completed action, viz.: 1) The Perfect, which represents the action as completed in present time, i. e., as just completed; e. g., ămāvīt, he has loved.

2) The Pluperfect, which represents the action as completed in past time; as, ămāvērăt, he had loved.

3) The Future Perfect, which represents the action as completed in future time; as, ămāvērīt, he will have loved.

191. The tenses for completed action are not formed from the same root as those for action not completed, but from another called the second root. This is formed in various ways.

192. In the first, second, and fourth conjugations, the second root is formed by adding āv, u,* and wv, respectively, to the root† of the verb; e.g.:

* A very few verbs of the second conjugation add ev, which may be regarded as the full form for which u is a contraction (the e being dropped, and v changed to u).

This we will now call the 1st root, to distinguish it from the 2d.

193. In verbs of all the conjugations, the third per sons singular of the tenses for completed action are formed by adding to the second root the following endings.

Perfect.
ĭt,

Pluperfect.
ěrắt,

PARADIGMS.

Future Perfect.
ĕrīt.

FIRST CONJUGATION.

Amare, to love: 1st root, ăm; 2d root, ămāv.

Monĕrě, to advise: 1st root, mon; 2d root, monů. Perfect. Mŏnu-it, he, she, or it has advised (or advised).*

"had advised.

"shall have advised.

FOURTH CONJUGATION.

Audīrě, to hear: 1st root, aud; 2d root, audīv.
Perfect. Audiv-it, he, she, or it has heard (or heard).*

Pluperf. Audív-ĕrăt,"

Fut. Perf. Audív-ĕrit, “

66 "had heard.

66 "shall have heard.

194. In any regular verb, the third persons plural, in the tenses for completed action, are formed by simply

* The perfect in Latin corresponds sometimes to our perfect indefi nite, and sometimes to our perfect definite (perfect with have); hence, ămăvit may be translated either he has loved, or he loved.

inserting n before t in the ending of the third person singular (35), except in the perfect, where it must be changed into erunt; e. g.,

ămăv-ĕrăt, ămāv-ĕrīt.

Conj. I. {Plur. Amäv-erunt, amav-érant, ǎmav-érint.

Sing. Monu-it, monu-ĕrăt, monu-ĕrīt. Conj. II. {Plur. Monu-erunt, mõnu-érant, mõnu-črint. Sing. Audív-it, audīv-erat, audīv-ĕrit. Plur. Audīv-ērunt, audīv-ĕrant, audīv-ĕrint.

Conj. IV.

(a) 1..Puer juravĕrat. 2. Puĕri juravērunt. 3. Agricola araverit. 4. Servi aravĕrint. 5. Vulpes pueros terruit. 6. Vulpes pueros terruerunt. 7. Poëtae sapientiam parvi aestimavit.

8. Veram virtutem magni aestimaverat. 9. Christianus pecuniam parvi aestimavit. 10. Christiani est pecuniam parvi. aestimare. 11. Magnam poëtae sapi

* The learner will readily form the second root from the first, by adding the endings here given.