Puĕri patrum voces audient. 9. Lupus haedum dilaniābat. 10. Haedi lupos timent.

(b) 1. The boys are gathering flowers. 2. He will pluck the beautiful flower. 3. The dog will fear the lion. 4. Dogs fear lions. 5. The girl will waste much time. 6. Your fat er will lose much time. 7. The indolent lose much pleasure. 8. The priests are praising the king.

9. The queen will not violate the laws. 10. The king's son was violating the laws of the state. 11. My friend will not disregard my sorrow. 12. Your friends will not disregard your sorrow.

LESSON XXVIII.

Nouns-Third Declension.-Formation of Cases from each other.

145. 1) IN any noun of the third declension, all the cases, except the nominative and vocative singular (and the accusative sing. in neuters), can be readily formed from each other, by a simple change of the endings: thus, the accusative sing. honōrěm gives (by a change of ending) the dat. honōrī, or the dat. and abl. plur. honoribus, or any other case which may be desired.

2) The nominative and vocative singular (and acc.

sing. in neuters) can generally be formed from any other case, in some one of the following

ways:

a) By dropping the ending of the given case: as, honōrēm,* Nom. honor.†

REM. 1.-This applies to many nouns whose root ends in l, n, or r, and to a few with the root in it.

REM. 2.-I is changed before t into u, and before n into ě; and è is inserted before r when preceded by t or b (126, 1); e. g., Gen. căpitis; root, căpit; Nom. căpăt. Gen. fluminis; root, flumin; Nom. flumen. Gen. patris; root, patr; Nom. pătĕr.

b) By changing the ending of the given case into s, es, is, (or for neuters into) ě: as, urbis, Nom. urbs; nuběm, Nom. nūbēs, &c.

REM. 1.—This applies to most nouns of this declension.

REM. 2.-T, d, or r, at the end of the root, is dropped before s, and i is changed into ě; cs or gs will of course be written x; e. g., pietātēm, Nom. piētās (t dropped before s); mīlītěm, Nom. miles (t dropped before s, and changed into ě); rēgěm, Nom. rex (regs. rex).

c) By changing the ending of the given case, together with er or or, as the last syllable of the root, into us: as, generis, Nom. genus.

REM. This applies only to a few of those words whose root ends in ĕr or ör.

146. The predicate of a proposition may be modified by a noun denoting the manner or cause of its action, or the means or instrument employed; e. g.,

Irăm meam dōno plācābit.

(Anger my with a gift he will appease.)
He will appease my anger with a gift.

147. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The cause or manner of an

* The acc. sing. is used here, though any other case would do equally well.

The nom. and voc., it will be remembered, are the same in form.

action, and the means or instrument employed, are éx

pressed by the ablative.

REM.—In the above example, dōnō expresses the means employ and is accordingly in the ablative.

(a) 1. Miles regem gladio occidebat. 2. Regem catena vinciebat. 3. Sol urbem magnam sua luce illustrat. 4. Iram dono placant. 5. Cives regis iram donis placăbunt. 6. Flumen urbem cingit.

7. Mulier bona epistolas scribit. 8. Agricola urbis portas claudet. 9. Poetarum filiae cantant. 10. Pulchrae pastōrum filiae saltābunt. 11. Caii animum donis placābunt.

(b) 1. The soldiers will bind the king with chains. 2. The river will surround the beautiful city. 3. The boy surrounds his head with a garland. 4. He will surround his sister's head with garlands. 5. He wll

give a beautiful garland to his sister. 6. They will give beautiful garlands to their brothers.

7. They were building a wall. 8. They will surround the city with a high wall. 9. The sun illumines all (things) with its light. 10. The sun fills all (things) with its light. 11. The blind do not see the sun. The blind do not see the light of the sun.

12.

LESSON XXIX.

Adjectives.-Third Declension.

150. ADJECTIVES of the third declension may be divided into three classes, viz:

1) Those which have three different forms in the
nominative singular (one for each gender).
2) Those which have two (the masc. and fem.
being the same).

3) Those which have but one (the same for all
genders).

151. Adjectives of the third declension are declined in their several genders like nouns of the same declension, gender, and ending. It must, however, be observed,

1) That those which have only one form in the nominative singular have the abl. sing. in ě or ī, and the rest, with the exception of compara tives, in i only.

2) That all except comparatives have, in the plural, the nom., acc., and voc. neuter in iã, and the genitive in ium.

CLASS I.-THREE TERMINATIONS.

152. Adjectives of the first class have in the nominative singular the masculine in ĕr, the feminine in is, and the neuter in ĕ.

CLASS II.-TWO TERMINATIONS.

153. Adjectives of the second class have both the masculine and feminine in is, and the neuter in ě, except comparatives,* which have the masculine and feminine in ior, and the neuter in ius.

* The use of comparatives will be illustrated in connection with the comparison of adjectives.