LESSON XVI.

Nouns-Ablative Case.-Modified Predicate.

86. THE Ablative Case in Latin corresponds to the objective with from, by, in, or with in English; as, mūsă, a muse; Abl. mūsā, from a muse, or by, in, or with a muse.*

87. The Ablative Singular of a noun may be formed by adding to its root one of the following

Dec. I. Musae, of a muse; mūs - á; mūsá, from, in, &c., a muse.

88. The predicate may be modified by a noun denoting the time of an action; e. g.,

Hiemě ursus dormit.

(In winter the bear sleeps.)

The bear sleeps (when?) in winter.

89. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The time when is put in the

* The preposition is, however, often expressed before the ablative, as it is before the objective in English.

As an exception to this, a few nouns of the third declension form the ablative in 7, as we shall see by-and-by.

ablative without a preposition (i. e., without any word for the English at, in, &c.)

REM. The ablative of time often stands first in a sentence, as in the example.

90. The predicate may be modified by a noun denot ing the place of its action; e. g.,

Ursus in antrō dormit.

(The bear in a cave sleeps.)

The bear sleeps (where?) in a cave.

91. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The name of a place where any thing is, or is done, when not a town (227), is generally put in the ablative with a preposition.

The pupil, in preparing his exercises, should imitate the order in the examples, whenever nothing is said on the point.

(a) 1. Ursus dormit. 2. Ursus in antro dormit. 3. Canis currit. 4. Canis in horto currit. 5. Puer ludēbat. 6. Puer in agro ludebat. 7. Hiěme ursus in

antro dormiet. 8. Romulus urbem condēbat. mulus urbem in monte condēbat.

antro dormit.

9. Ro

10. Hiĕme ursus in

11. Servus regem occidet. 12. Leo asinum dilaniat. 13. Rex regīnam accusabat. 14. Regīna filiam docebit. 15. In luco ludunt. 16. Leo equum dilaniābit.

(b) 1. The boy is playing. 2. The boy is playing in the garden. 3. The dog is running. 4. The dog is running in the meadow. 5. The bird will not sing. 6. The bird will not sing in winter. 7. The daughter was singing in the grove. 8. They will walk in the field. 9. They will play in summer.

10. Balbus will fear Caius. 11. They will fear the queen. 12. He was building a wall. 13. They are building a wall. 14. The queen is walking in the field. 15. The queen's mother was weeping. 16. The slave is showing the boy (to the boy) the way. was shutting the gate. 18. The boy will

17. The slave shut the gate.

LESSON XVII.

Nouns.-First Declension.*

94. To the First Declension belong all nouns which have the genitive in ae (62). They all end in ă (except a few Greek nouns. See 174).

95. Latin nouns of this declension are grammatically feminine; unless their gender is determined by their signification, according to previous rules (40, 44).

* Having learned in the previous Lessons the use of the several cases of the Latin language, the pupil will now find little difficulty in master ing the five declensions (62) in all the cases of both numbers.

96. We have already learned that the root of a noùn may always be found from the genitive singular (69, 1), but, as it may also be formed without much difficulty from the nominative, it will be well for us to notice, in connection with the different declensions, the manner in which this may be done.

97. In the First Declension,

1) The root may be found by dropping the nomi-
native ending ǎ, as mūsă; root, mūs (69, 1).
2) Any noun may be declined (i. e., all the cases
of both numbers may be formed) by adding
to the root the following

(a) 1. Puellae saltant. 2. Aquilae volant. 3. Re

gīna puellas docebit.

Tulliae filias ridebit. 7. Lusciniae cantabant.

4. Tulliae filiae ridebunt. 5. 6. Aquila columbas occidet.

8. Balbus vocem audit. 9. Caius dolōrem vitābit. 10. Puellae dolorem sentiunt. 11. Servus epistolas scribit. 12. Puer caput vinciēbat. 13. Regīna puellae corōnam dabit. 14. Regīna puellis coronas dabit.

(b) 1. The girl was writing a letter. 2. The girls are writing letters. 3. The queen will call (her) daughter. 4. The queen is calling (her) daughters. 5. Tullia will give a garland to her daughter.

6. They will give garlands to (their) daughters. 7. He is reading the queen's letter. 8. They are reading the girls' letters (the letters of the girls). 9. They will show the way to the queen. 10. The husbandman will shut the gate. 11. The doves will fly. 12. The nightingales are singing. 13. The boy hears (his) father's voice. 14. The boy is opening the letters. 15. The slave will open (his) master's letters.