to attack. In adjectives, not; e. g., indignus (in and dig nus), unworthy. 7) Ob—against (b assimilated before c, f, and usually p); e. g, oppōněrě (ob and poněrě), to place against, to oppose. 8) Prō-for, forth (prod before vowels); e. g., prōpōněrě (pro and ponere), to set forth, propose. 9) Sŭb―under, from below, somewhat (b assimilated before c, ƒ, g, and sometimes m, p, and r; sus in a few words); e. g, subjicerě (sub and jacère), to throw under, to subject 551. The inseparable prepositions, amb, around, about; dis or di, asunder; rě (red before vowels), back, again, away; sẽ, without, apart from; and vē, not, often occur as prefixes in compound words; e. g., dmbīrě (amb and ire), to go round; dispõnĕrě (dis and ponĕre), to put asunder, to distribute; rēdīrē (red and ire), to return; sēdūcērě (se and ducere), to lead apart; vēsūnus (ve and sanus), not sane, insane. 552. Adverbs are sometimes used as prefixes; e. g., běně volens (bene and volens), benevolent; mălěvõlens (male and volens), wishing ill, malevolent. 553. Certain vowel-changes often take place in forming compound words; thus, a, e and ae are often changed into i (a sometimes into e); e. g., accipèrè (ad and capère), abstinere (abs and tenere), occidere (ob and caedere). REM. 1.-Having examined the prefixes, we pass to notice a few terminations of frequent occurrence in compound words. REM. 2.—When the first part of a compound is a noun, the connecting vowel is generally short i, as in agricolă (ager and colère), a husbandman. 554. From făcĕrě, to do, are derived, (1) fex, agent; 3. g., artifex (ars and facère), an artist; (2) ficium, corresponding substantive of thing; e. g., artificium, an art; (3) ficus, he who does (adjectively); e. g., beneficus, beneficent. 555. From căpěrě, to take, are derived, (1) ceps, agent; e. g., princeps (primus and capere), one who takes the first (place), a prince, a leader; (2) cipium, corresponding substantive of thing; e. g., principium, a beginning. 556. From dicere, to speak, are derived, (1) dex, agent, one who speaks: e. g., index, an informer; (2) dicium, corresponding substantive of thing; e. g., indicium, a disclosure; (3) dicus (adj.), speaking; e. g., mălědicus, slanderous. 557. From cănère, to sing; cen, agent; e. g., tubicen (tuba and canĕre), a trumpeter. 558. From velle, to wish; volens and võtus (adj.), wishing; e. g., běněvõlens and běněvõlus (bene and velle), benevolent. 559. From ferrě and gerere, to bear; fer and ger, one who bears; e. g., Lucifer (lux and ferre), Venus as morning star, the bearer of light; armiger (arma and gerĕre), armor-bearer. 560. From colĕrě, to cultivate; colă, one who culti vates, or dwells in; e. g., ǎgricolă (ager and colère), a field-tiller, a husbandman. 561. VOCABULARY. Adducěrě, dux, duct (ad and ducere), to bring to. Attingĕrě, tig, tact (ad and tan gère), to reach, attain. Condĕrě, did, dit (con and dare), to found. Convenirě, vēn, vent (con and venire), to assemble, convene. Expugnarě, av, at (ex and pugnare), to take by storm. Incertus, ă, ŭm (in and certus), Incălă, ae, m. & f. (in and co- děre), to go against, invade. Ităliă, ae, Italy. Obses, idis, m. & f., hostage. Occidĕrě, cid, cas (ob and cadère), to fall, sel. Occidĕrě, cid, cis (ob and cae- Possĭděrě, ēd, ess, to possess. Princeps, ipis (primus and capĕre), the first, a leader, chief. Vērům, I, truth. 562. Exercises. (a) 1. Multi philosophi verum non attigerunt. 2. Rex portas urbis clausit hostibus invadentibus. 3. Has terras possidēmus; illas expugnabimus. 4. Galli Romam expugnaverunt. 5. Sol post montes illos in mare occidit. 6. Hic unus miles duos aut tres occidit. 7. Incolae ad eum legātos misērunt. 8. Caesar omnem senatum ad se convenīre, principumque liberos obsides ad se adduci jussit. 9. Incertum est quo tempore Dido Carthaginem condiderit. (b) 1. The commander will collect large forces and invade Italy. 2. After having waged war for many years, they took the city by storm. 3. Caesar had or dered all the inhabitants to assemble in his presence. 4. Let us put the invading enemy to flight. 5. Romu• lus is said to have founded Rome. 6. It is uncertain at what time Carthage was founded. 7. I do not know at what time he returned home. 8. They say that Caius was killed in the first battle. 1) Natural, when determined by sex, as in English; as, hòmŏ, a man, masc.; mŭliĕr, a woman, fem. 2) Grammatical, when not determined by sex; as, sermŏ, a discourse, masc.; laurus, a laurel, fem. 566. The grammatical gender of nouns is determined partly by their signification, but principally by their endings. 567. Grammatical Gender, when not determined by nom. ending. REM.-Grammatical gender, as determined by the endings of nouns, will be noticed in connection with the several declensions. 568. First Declension. 1. Characteristic ae. 2. Nominative endings: Latin a; Greek e, as, and es. 3. Grammatical gender: a and e, fem.; as and es, masc. REM.-Cases coming under previous rules (565 and 567) are, of course, excepted. In this ending e is long, except in spěī, fidei, and rễL |