530. Osus and lentus (often with connecting vowel u), denote fulness, abundance; e. g., aquōsus (aqua), watery; lutulentus (lutum), full of mud.

531. Aeus, ānus (iānus), iensis, and īnus, added to the root of proper names of places, denote native of, occupant of; e. g., Romānus (Roma), a Roman; Atheniensis (Athenae), an Athenian, &c.

532. Arius (generally used substantively), denotes occupation, sometimes pertaining to; e. g., consiliārius (consilium), counselling, or a counsellor.

533. Atūs, ītus, and ūtus = furnished with, &c.; e. g., aurātus (aurum), gilt; turrītus (turris), turreted, &c. 534. Stus-being in, having in one's self; e. g., rōbustus (robur), robust.

535. Adjectives may be derived from verbs by the use of the following endings:

1) Ax having a propensity to perform the action

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of the verb; e. g., ědax (edĕre), voracious. 2) Bundus and cundus the strengthened meaning of the present participle used adjectively; e. g., mīrābundus (mirāri), full of admiration, &c. 3) Idus (and sometimes uus) — the quality indicated by the verb; e. g., algīdus (algēre), cold. 4) Ilis and bilis capable of being, easy to be; e. g., docītis (docere), easy to be taught, docile; crēdibilis (credĕre), capable of being believed, credible.

Gallicus, ă, um (Gallia), Gallic,

pertaining to Gaul.

Incredibilis, ĕ (in and credĕre), incredible.

Narrarě, av, at, to relate. Narratio, ōnis (narrāre), narrative, story.

Octo, eight.

Popularis, ě (populus), popular. Sōcrătēs, is, Socrates, a celebrated Athenian philosopher

Speciōsus, ă, um (species), spe

cious, plausible.

Vincirě, vinx, vinct, to bind.

537. Exercises.

(a) 1. Haec,narratio est fabulōsa. 2. Non sum tam imprūdens, ut verbis speciosis decipiar. 3. Spe fallāci decepti estis; cavēte ne iterum decipiamini. 4. Quis credat illud quod incredibile est? 5. Caesar octo libris bellum Gallicum, tribus civile narravit. 6. Athenienses Socratis damnati (506) pedem ferro vinxerunt.

(b) 1. Many have been deceived by false hopes. 2. Let us not be deceived by false words. 3. These narratives are incredible. 4. He has given his sister two gold rings. 5. The Romans waged many wars. 6. The Carthaginians were conquered by the Romans. 7. The Athenians condemned Socrates to death. 8. They cannot deceive the judge by specious words. 9. The senator wishes to be popular. 10. They are wag. ing a civil war.

LESSON LXXXVII.

Derivation of Verbs and Adverbs.

538. VERBS may be derived from nouns and adjectives, and from other verbs.

539. Verbs derived from nouns and adjectives are generally called denominatives.

540. Transitive denominatives end in ārē (dep. ārī) or īrě; e. g., curărě (cura), to take care of; fīnīrē (finis), to finish.

541. Intransitive denominatives end in ērě or scèrě; e. g., flūrērē (flos), to bloom; mātūrescērē (maturus), to become ripe.

REM. The ending scère is joined to the root by means of a connecting vowel; e is the connecting vowel in the above example.

542. Verbs derived from other verbs comprise four distinct classes, viz.: frequentatives, inchoatives, desideratives, and diminutives.

543. Frequentatives denote repeated or continued action, and are formed by the addition of ārě or ĭtārē to the third root, except in the first conjugation, where they add itūre to the first root; e. g., hăbītārě (habēre), to inhabit; võlītārě (volāre), to fly often, to flit.

544. Inchoatives denote the beginning or increase of an action, and are formed by the addition of scĕre to the first root with a connecting vowel; e. g., clărescĕrě (clarēre), to grow bright, or clear.

545. Desideratives denote a desire to do the action of the primitive, and are formed by adding ŭrīrě to the third root; e g., ēsŭrīrē (edĕre), to desire to eat.

546. Diminutives denote a feeble action, and are formed by adding illare to the first root; e. g., cantillārē (cantare), to sing in a feeble voice.

547. Derivative adverbs generally take one of the following endings, viz.:

1) When derived from nouns, tim, ĭtŭs; e. g., grēgātīm (grex), in flocks; fundités (fundus), from the foundation.

2) When derived from adjectives ĕ, è, o, těr (con.

necting vowel i except after n); e. g., vērē (verus), truly; făcilă (facilis), easily; cito (citus), quickly; fortiter (fortis), bravely.

3) When derived from verbs, im added to the third root; e. g., stătim (stare, stat), immediately.

Occu.tarě, av, at (occulĕre), to hide, conceal.

Provinciă, ae (pro and vincère),
province.

Pugnare, av, at (pugna), to fight.
Saevírě, iv or i, īt (saevus), to
rage, to be cruel.
Spectarě, av, at (spěcěrě), to see,
look at.

Stătīm (stare), immediately.
Tectum, i (tegĕre), a covering,
roof, house.

Vigilarě, av, at (vigil), to watch, remain awake.

549. Exercises.

(a) 1. Labōrem nostrum finivimus. 2. Canes tecta nostra custodiverunt. 3. Bellum saevit per Germaniam. 4. Dormivistīne, an vigilâsti? 5. Puellae in horto cantabant. 6. Corpora nostra curaverāmus. 7. Puĕri ludos spectaverunt. 8. Arbores florescunt. 9. Hic ad summam gloriam florescebat. 10. Decrevĭmus habitare in provincia. 11. Consilia sua occultaverunt. 12. Si te vidĕrit, statim curret ad te.

(b) 1. Have they announced your arrival? 2. Who will announce the arrival of the king? 3. Caesar sent

very large forces to guard the city. 4. They have gone into the country to witness the games. 5. They have finished the war. 6. We wish to finish the work. 7. The enemy are said to have fought bravely. 8. The flowers are beginning to bloom in our garden. 9. Do you wish to live (dwell) in the city? 10. We wish to live in the country.

LESSON LXXXVIII.

Composition of Words.

550. PREPOSITIONS often enter into composition with other words, as prefixes.

REM.-Many prepositions undergo no change of form on entering into composition, and merely impart to the simple word their own force. These, of course, require no special notice; others, however, present some peculiarities.

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1) A, ǎb, abs = away from; e. g., abstĭnērě (abs and tĕnērě), to
abstain from. In substantives and adjectives, it denotes
privation; e. g., āmens (ã and mens), without mind, mad.
to (d often assimilated before consonants, except d, j,
m, and v); e. g., accipěrě (ad and căpěrě), to accept.
3) Con (cum)

2) Ad

with, together, sometimes completely (co before h and vowels; com before b, p, and sometimes before a vowel; n assimilated before l, m, and r); e. g., conducěrě (con and ducěrě), to lead together, collect.

4) Dě―from, down; e. g., deducere (dē and dūcĕrě), to deduce. In substantives and adjectives, privation; e. g., dēmens (de and mens), mad.

5) E,ex-out of, thoroughly (e before liquids and b, d, g, and v; ef before ƒ); e. g., expugnare (ex and pugnare), to vanquish,

storm.

6) In = into, on, against (im before b and p;

i before gn; nas

similated before l, m, and r); e. g., incurrèrě (in and currèrě).