507. Participles may sometimes be translated by corresponding verbs followed by the conjunction and; e.g.

1. Rīdens exclamăt.

He laughs and exclaims (lit. laughing he exclaims).

2. Rīdens exclamavit.

He laughed and exclaimed.

REM. In the above examples the participle is construed by the same tense as the accompanying verb; sometimes, however, a different tense must be used; e. g.,

Correptum lěporěm lăcărăt.

He has seized the hare and is mangling it.

508. Participles with non may be translated by participial substantives depending upon the preposition without; e. g.,

1. Nōn rīdens, without laughing.

2. Nōn amātus, {1. without being loved.

2. without loving him.

3. Vitupĕrăt librōs nōn intellectōs.

He censures books (not understood) without understanding them.

509. Participles in the ablative absolute may be construed like participles in any other construction, the Latin substantive being translated either by the nominative or the objective; e. g.,

Tarquinio regnante, when Tarquin was king.
Té sedente, as you were sitting.

Capta Tyrō, after Tyre was taken.

510. Participles may often be translated by substan tives of kindred meaning; e. g.,

Lēgēs violatae, the violation of the laws (lit. the vio lated laws).

Vērě appropinquante, on the approach of spring.

(a) 1. Ad coenam vocatus, nondum venit. 2. Multa transīmus ante oculos posita. 3. Oculus, se non videns, alia videt. 4. Cum legionibus profectus celeriter adĕro. 5. Comprehensum hominem Romam ducebant. 6. Non petens regnum accepit. 7. Multi vituperant libros non intellectos. 8. His responsis datis, iterum ad eum Caesar legātos mittit. 9. Cognito Caesaris adventu, legātos ad eum mittunt. (b) 1. He will not be condemned, although he has been accused of treason. 2. Although invited to the feast, they will not come. 3. They were accused and (507) condemned. 4. He will receive the government without seeking it (508). 5. We censure these boys without knowing them. 6. They were put to death without having been condemned. 7. Having ascer tained the approach of our army, the enemy fled. 8. Birds will return on the approach of spring.

LESSON LXXXV.

Derivation of Nouns.

513. WORDS may be formed in two ways; viz., 1) By derivation, i. e., by the addition of certain endings to the roots of other words; e. g., moeror, sadness, formed by the addition of or to moer, the root of moerere, to be sad.

2) By composition, i. e., by the union of two or more words, or their roots; e. g., běněvõlens, benevolent, well-wishing, from běně, well, and volens, wishing.

514. Nouns may be derived from other nouns, and from adjectives and verbs.

515. The endings, lus, lă, lum, added to the root of nouns, with a connecting vowel (sometimes or o, but generally u, which sometimes takes c before it), form diminutivės; e. g., hortulus (hortus), a little garden.

516. The masculine endings, ides (or īdēs), ădēs, and iādēs, and the feminine ǎs and is added to the root of names of persons, form patronymics or names of descent; e. g., Priamīdēs (Priamus), a son or descendant of Priam; Tantalis (Tantalus), daughter of Tantalus.

517. Atus, ĭtās, and ūră, added to the root of nouns, denote office, rank, or body of men; e. g., consulātus (consul), consulship; cīvītās (civis), state, body of citizens.

518. Tum, added to the root of nouns, denotes the state or condition of the objects expressed by the primi. tive; sometimes an assemblage of those objects; e. g., servitium (servus), either servitude or domestics.

519. The endings, ītās, iă, žtiă, îtūdŏ, and tūs (gen.

tūtīs), added to the root of adjectives, form abstract nouns; e. g., bonītās (bonus), goodness; diligentiă (diligens), diligence; multitūdŏ (multus), multitude; virtus (vir), virtue, manliness.

520. The endings, a and Ŏ, added to the first root of verbs, and or (fem. rix) to the third, denote the agent or person who; e. g., scrībă (scrībĕre), a scribe; bibo (bibere), a drunkard; victor (vincère), a conqueror.

521. Or and ium, added to the first root, and ið, ŭs, and ură to the third, denote the action or state expressed by the verb; e. g., păvõr (pavēre), fear; gaudium (gaudēre), joy; actið (agère, act), an action, &c.

522. Idŏ and īgð, added to the first root, denote the abstract of the primitive; e. g., cupīdŏ (cupère), desire. 523. Men and mentum, added to the first root, denote the thing done, that by which it is done, or that which does; e. g., tēgměn (tegĕre), a covering; flūměn (fluère), a stream, river.

524. Um, added to the third root, denotes the action of the verb, or the means or result of it; e. g., tectum, (tegere), roof, covering; scriptum (scribère), a writing.

526. Exercises.

(a) 1. Hortuli nostri multos flores habent. 2. Imperator quam maximas copias comparavit. 3. Diligentia tua laborem patris adjūvit. 4. Hic nuntius adventum tuum nuntiaverat. 5. Ciceronem magna popůli multitudo circumdedit. 6. Pastor fugavit lupum qui ovem unam momordĕrat.

(b) 1. Have you seen the shepherd's dog? 2. We went to see the boy's little garden. 3. Let them not come into the senate. 4. He has announced the arrival of the king. 5. Did you not announce the arrival of the leaders? 6. Caesar said that he would put to flight the forces of the enemy. 7. The commander has sent messengers to Rome. 8. The leaders will collect as large forces as possible. .9. The laws of the state have been violated by the commander.

LESSON LXXXVI.

Derivation of Adjectives.

527. ADJECTIVES may be derived from nouns and verbs.

528. The endings, ālīs, ārīs, icus, īlis, and ius, added to the root of nouns of, belonging to, related to; e. g., rēgālīs (rex), regal; populāris (populus), popular; cīvīis (civis), civil, &c.

529. Aceŭs, icius, eŭs, and inus, denote the material; the first two sometimes origin, and the last two sometimes similarity; e. g., pătricius (pater), patrician; au reus (aurum), golden, &c.