2) That the consequence is expressed in the first two of these classes by the indicative (or sometimes by the imperative), and in the third by the subjunctive imperfect or pluperfect.

488. The relative clause takes the subjunctive: 1) When it expresses a purpose or result; e. g., 1. Lēgātōs mīsērunt, qui dicerent.

They sent ambassadors to say (that they might say).

2. Něquě ěním tū is és qui nesciās.

Nor indeed are you such an one as not to know (who may not know).

2) When it defines or explains some indefinite antecedent, whether affirmative or negative; e. g. 1. Sunt qui putent.

There are (some) who think, or some persons think.

2. Nēmo est, qui haud intelligăt.

There is no one who does not understand.

489. Quum (cum) takes the subjunctive when it in troduces a cause or reason, or in any way shows the dependence of one event upon another; e. g.,

Quae cum ĭtă sint.

Since these things (lit. which things) are so. 490. Quum, as an adverb of time (when), takes the indicative; e. g.,

Itěr făciēbăm quum Balbum vĭdēbăm.

I was travelling when I saw Balbus.

The use of quum with the perfect or pluperfect subjunctive to supply the place of a perfect active participle, has already been noticed (367).

(a) 1. Peccavit, si id fecit. 2. Peccabit, si id faciat. 3. Peccarent, si id facerent. 4. Peccavissent, si id fecissent. 5. Si vis beatus, impera animo. 6. Si me consulis, suadeo. 7. Patriam auro, si potuisset, vendi. disset. 8. Sunt qui rideant. 9. Erant qui saltavissent, 10. Caesar equitatum, qui sustinēret hostium impetum, misit. 11. Nulla est enim natio quam pertimescāmus

(b) 1. If he is alive (lives), he is now at Athens. 2 If he remains at Athens, he will learn much. 3. If he had gone to Rome, he would have been killed. 4 They would have sold their country, if they could. 5 If the king had been in the city, he would have par doned you. 6. There were some who were wounded 7. Since we cannot remain at Rome, we will go te Athens. 8. Caesar had sent two legions to attack (make an attack upon) the enemy.

LESSON LXXXII.

Participles.

493. PARTICIPLES assume an assertion which may b formally stated in a sentence whenever is necessary or convenient to do so; thus, puer ridens, ray be vari

ously translated, according to the connection; as, the boy who laughs, the boy when he laughs, &c.

494. Participles may sometimes be translated by a relative clause; e. g.,

1. Puer ridens

2. Puĕr rīsūrūs, {

the boy who laughs.

the boy who was laughing.

the boy who is going to laugh.
the boy who will laugh.

3. Puěr ǎmātus, the boy who is (or was) loved.

4. Puer ǎmandus, the boy who ought to be loved.

495. If no substantive is expressed, supply man, men, he, she, or those, &c.; e. g.,

1. Rīdentis, of him who laughs.

2. Rīdentium, of those who laugh.

496. With a neuter plural participle, supply things;

e. g.,

Praeteritură,

things that will pass away.
what will pass away.

REM.-Participles, being parts of verbs, of course govern the same

cases.

497. Participles may sometimes be translated by corresponding verbs with when or while; e. g.,

Rīdens, when (or while) he is (or was) laughing. REM.-In a sentence with when or while, we often omit the auxiliary verb; e. g.,

Ridens, when laughing.

498. If the participle stands alone, he, they, a man, men, or one, &c., must be supplied as the subject of the verb; e. g.,

1. Rīdens, when he (or one) is laughing.

2. Rīdentēs, when men (or they) are laughing.

499. Participles may sometimes be translated by corresponding verbs with if; e. g.,

1. Rīdens, if a man (he or one) laughs.

2. Amātus, if a man (he or one) is loved.

500. Participles may sometimes be translated by corresponding verbs with because, for, since, or by participial substantives with from or through.

1. because I doubt.

2. for I doubt.

501. Dubitans, 3. since I doubt.

4. from doubting.

5. through doubting.

Expellěrě, půl, puls, to expel, Plăcere, plăcu, plăcit, to please.

(a) 1. Sapiens bona, semper placitūra laudat. 2. Pii homines ad felicitatem perpetuo duraturam pervenient. 3. Adulator aut laudat vituperanda, aut vitupěrat laudanda. 4. Leōnes satiāti (497) innoxii sunt. 5. Equum emptūrus (499) cave ne decipiaris. 6. Roma expulsus Carthagine pueros docebit. 7. Respondent

se perfidiam verĭtos (501) revertisse. 8. Stellae nobis parvae videntur, immenso intervallo a nobis disjunctae.

(b) 1. He who does wrong (494) is never happy. 2. Those who read this book will learn much. 3. There are some who think (488, 2) little of happiness which will not last. 4. The wise prize very highly the happiness which will last for ever. 5. They learned much while remaining at Rome (497). 6. If you love your parents (499), you will obey them. 7. We shall pardon him if condemned. 8. He fled from the city, because he had been accused of bribery (501).

LESSON LXXXIV.

Participles continued.

504. PARTICIPLES may sometimes be translated by verbs with though or although; e. g.,

1. Rīdens, though he laughs.

2. Amatus, though he is (was, &c.) loved.

505. We often omit the auxiliary verb after though, e. g.,

1. Rīdens, though laughing.

2. Amātus, though loved.

506. Participles may sometimes be translated by verbs or participial nouns, with after; e. g.,

1. Passùs (Act.), {1. after he has (had) suffered.

2. Amatus,

2. after suffering.

1. after he was (has been) loved. 2. after he had been loved.

3. after having been loved.