444. Prepositions, as we have already seen (200), show the relation of objects to each other; e. g., în urbě hăbătăt, he dwells in the city. 445. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The following twenty-sixprepositions govern the accusative; viz., Ad, adversus, antě, ǎpud, circa cr circum, cĭs or citra, contrā, ergā, extrā, infrā, inter, intrā, juxtā, ob, pěněs, pěr, pōně, post, praeter, propě, propter, secundăm, săprā, trans, ultra, versus (rare). · 446. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The following eleven prepositions govern the ablative; viz., A (ăb or abs), absque, cōrăm, cùm, dē, ể or ex, pălăm, prae, prō, sìně, těnus. 447. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The five prepositions, clăm, in, sub, subter, and super, take sometimes the accusative and sometimes the ablative. REM.-In and sub govern the accusative in answer to whither (i. a after verbs of motion), and the ablative in answer to where (i. e. after verbs of rest). Subter generally takes the accusative. Super takes the accusative after verbs of motion and also when it signifies upon, and the ablative when it signifies on or of (as of a sub. ject spoken or written about) 448 VOCABULARY. Cis, on this side. Coelùm, í, heaven, the heavens. Firmŭs, ă, ŭm, firm, sure. Intra, within. Paucus, ă, um, few, little. Terră, ae, the earth. 449. Exercises. (a) 1. Vobis non creditur. 2. Bonis creditur. 3. Gloriae tuae invidētr. 4. Irae resistitur. 5. Pauci veniunt ad senectutem. 6. Nulla est firma amicitia inter malos. 7. Pietas erga patriam conservanda est. 8. Galli cis Rhenum habitant. 9. Intra muros habitabat. 10. Coram populo loquetur. 11. Argentum prae auro contemnitur. 12. Caecus de coloribus judicāre non potest. 13. Supra nos coelum conspicimus; infra nos terram. (b) 1. The good are always envied. 2. The wicked should never be believed. 3. The conquered must be spared. 4. We are envied. 5. They will be envied. 6. He was buried within the walls. 7. They wish to be buried on-this-side-of the Rhine. 8. Let us walk through the city. 9. They have returned from the city into the country. 10. Do you wish to go into the city? 11. My father will remain in the city the whole winter. LESSON LXXVIII. Conjunctions. 450. CONJUNCTIONS are merely connectives; as, păter et filius, the father and son. Certain combinations of these require some attention. 451. Et followed by another ět; tum or quùm followed by tum, are botland. 452. Nōn sōlum-sed ětiăm, not only-but also. soas; asas. 463. Tăm—quăm, as well -as. both-and. 454. Etiam, even, also; etiam atque etiam, again and again; quoque, also, too (follows the word it belongs to), 455. Aut, or; aut-aut, věl-věl, either—or. Sīvě-sīvě, seu-seu, either-or, whether-or. 456. Něc-něc, něque-něqué, neither-nor. Věl, or, sometimes even; with superlatives, very, extremely, possible. 457. At, sed, autěm, vērům, vērŏ, but. Attăměn, tăměn, vēruntăměn, yet, but, but yet. 458. Atqui, but, now (as used in reasoning). 459. Năm, namquě, enim, for. Ergo, Igitur, ideō, Ităque, Quārē, therefore, then. therefore. accordingly, and so, there fore. wherefore. 460. VOCABULARY. Amphibiùm, I, amphibious animai. | Nasci, nat, to be born. Audax, ácīs, audacious, daring. Dēterrērě, u, ît, to deter. Nĭmiŭs, ă, ŭm, excessive, too much. Inceptum, I, purpose, undertaking. Pudor, ōrĭs, shame, sense of shame. Impedirě, Iv, it, to impede, hinder. Somnus, i, sleep. 461. Exercises. (a) 1. Et discet puer et docebit. 2. Et Romae vixi et Carthagine. 3. Lupus quum ovem tum canem momordĕrat. 4. Ovem non solum totondit, sed etiam deglupsit. 5. Nec timidus est, nec audax. 6. Nimius somnus neque animo, neque corpori prodest. 7. Non deterreor ab incepto, sed pudōre impedior. 8. Nihil labōras; ideo nihil habes. 9. Nemo tam pauper vivit, quam natus est. 10. Amphibia et in aqua et in terra vivunt. (b) 1. We shall go both to Rome and to Carthage. 2. Will you also accuse me? 3. Will they even con demn the king to death? [No.] 4. We must both learn and teach. 5. Do you not wish both to learn and to teach? 6. We might have condemned not only the father, but also the son. 7. He will either remain at Rome, or go to Athens.. 8 Dogs as well as wolves sometimes bite sheep. 9. He sent his son to Rome, but was unwilling to go himself. 10. Caius has been accused of treason, but he will never be condemned. 11. He will not go a hunting, for he has buried his son. LESSON LXXIX. Subjunctive Mood with ŭt, nē, and quõ. 1. in order that, that, so that. 462. UT with subj.<3. as, with infinitive. 4. granting that, although. 5. that, after to fear that not. 463. When ut introduces a purpose, the subjunctive may be rendered by may, might; when it introduces a consequence (as after so, such), it may be rendered by the indicative or infinitive. 464. Ut with the indicative is as, when, since, after, how 1. lest, that not. 465. Nē with subj.3. not with the imperative. 2. not with the infinitive. 4. after to fear that. 466. Nē with the imperative or subjunctive used imperatively, is simply not; as, nē scrībās, or nē scrībě, do not write. 467. After verbs of fearing, ut and nè appear to change meanings; ut, that-not; nē, that or lest. 468. After verbs of fearing, the subjunctive present must generally be rendered by the future; as, věreŏr út făciăm, I fear that I shall not do, věreor nē făciăm, I fear that I shall do. 469. Quō with the subjunctive is used to express purpose in sentences containing a comparative degree; as, médico aliquid dandum est, quo sit studiosior, something should be given to the physician, that he may be the more attentive. For the use of tenses in the subjunctive, see 265 and 266. (a) 1. Multi alios laudant, ut ab aliis laudentur. 2. Stellarum tanta multitudo est, ut numerari non possint. 3. Medicis aliquid dandum est, quo sint studiosiōres. 4. Cave ne incognita pro cognitis habeas. 5. Ne tentes quod effici non possit. 6. Vereor, ne labores tuos augeam. 7. Vereor ne brevi tempore fames in urbe sit. 8. Timeo ut labores tantos sustineas. 9. Avārus semper veretur, ut satis habeat. 10. Verebamini ut pax firma esset. |