LESSON LXXV. Impersonal Verbs. 430. IMPERSONAL verbs are such as are used only in the third person singular, and never take a personal subject (as I, thou, he). The subject in English is generally expressed by the pronoun it; e. g., Oportet, it behooves. Taedět mē, it disgusts me (I am disgusted with). 431. Besides the verbs which are strictly impersonal, many others are often used impersonally; e. g., Constat, it is known. Juvăt, it delights. 432. The impersonal verb licet, it is lawful, or is allowed, denotes permission, and may be translated by may and might; e. g., Rr 1.--The dative in these examples is the indirect object after licet. REM 2.-The present infinitive must be translated by the English perfect after licuit, might, as in the above examples. (See also 408, Rem.) (Eng.) I may go. (Lat. Id.) It is allowe nie to go. (Eng.) I might have gone. (Lat. Id.) It was allowed me (then) to go. 433. The impersonal verb oportet, it bchooves, de notes duty or propriety, and may be trauslated by REM. 1.-Observe that here, too, the present infinitive is to be trans lated by the perfect after a past tense. REM 2-The infinitive after oportet takes a subject accusative. 434. English. (a) I repent of my folly, I am vexed at my folly, I am ashamed of my folly, I am weary of life, (b) Mē meae stultitiae poenitět, Latin Idiom. It repents me of my folly. I am weary of life. 435. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The impersonal verbs of feeling, miserět, poenitet, půdět, taedět, and pīgět, take the accusative of the person, together with the genitive of the object which produces the feeling. (See examples above.) 436. VOCABULARY. ted fact. Diligens, entis, diligent. Mísĕrět, one pities; tui me misě- | Rěcipěrě (ið), cēp, cept, to re rět, I pity you. Oportet, it behooves, one ought. Poenĭtět, it repents, one repents. ceive. Saepě, often. Sonus, i, sound, noise. 437. Excercises. (a) 1. Constat sonum luce tardiōrem esse. 2. Saepe facere praestat quam loqui. 3. Nonne licet Romae habitare? 4. Nonne licuit Athēnis habitare? 5. Nunquam licet peccare. 6. Num licet Christianis gloriae servire? 7. Pueros oportet diligentes esse. 8. Ami. citiam immortalem esse oportet. 9. Tui me misĕret; mei piget. 10. Sapientia semper eo contenta est quod adest. 11. Ne multa loquere. 12. Miserēre nostri. 13. Natūra omnes propensi sumus ad discendum. (b) 1. It is well known that light is swifter than sound. 2. Is it not well known that the moon is nearer the earth than the sun? 3. Is it not well known that sound is slower than light? 4. He repents of his folly. 5. I repented of my folly. 6. Ought not Christians to do good to as many as possible? 7. Ought not Balbus to have kept his word? 8. Ought not Caius to have been condemned to death? 9. I have received many letters from you. 10. The bird has flown away from my hands. m LESSON LXXVI. Impersonal Periphrastic. 488. THE second periphrastic conjugation is often used impersonally; e. g., Mihi scribendum est, I must or should write. you must or should write. he must or should write. we must or should write. you must or should write. they must or should write. 439. Here too the agent is put in the dative (see 426) when expressed. It is omitted. 1) When it means every body or people in general, though it may be translated by we or you; e g., Edendum est, we or you (every body) must eat. 2) When the persons meant are not likely to be mistaken. 440. In the impersonal periphrastic construction, if the verb is one which governs a dative (396), its agent (the person by whom) must not be expressed; e. g., Credendum est Caiō. We must believe Caius (not, Caius must believe). REM.-If, in any instance, it is necessary to express the agent, it must either be done by means of the ablative with a or ǎb, or the form of the expression must be changed. The two datives would leave it doubtful which was the agent. 441. VOCABULARY. Etiăm, even. Lăbōrárě, av, at, to labor, toil. Mětuěrě, u, to fear. Senex, sěnís, an old man; pl. the aged. 442. Exercises. (a) 1. Mihi discendum est. 2. Etiam senibus discendum est. 3. Improbis metuendum est. 4. Tibi evolandum est ex urbe. 5. Manendum est Romae. 6. Totam hiemem manendum est Carthagine. 7. Ambulandum est per urbem. 8. Laborandum est, ut discas. 9. Nonne laborandum est, ut discamus? 10. Num semper ludendum est? 11. Nonne resistendum est irae? 12. Num credendum est improbis? 13. "Nonne resistendum est animo? 14. Non omnes ad discendum propensi sunt. 15. Discendum est, ut possis docere. 16. Edendum est, ut possīmus vivĕre. (b) 1. We must dwell in the country. 2. We must remain at home. 3. We must fly from the city (into) the country. 4. The unlearned must labor, that they may learn. 5. We must fight, that we may preserve our lives. 6. The girls must walk through the city. 7. True greatness of mind must be valued at-a-veryhigh-price. 8. We should spare the conquered. 9. We should resist anger. 10. Should we not resist anger? 11. We should obey the laws of our country. 12. We must not spare even Balbus. 13. We must pardon both Caius and Balbus. 14. We must not believe even Caesar himself. 15. Having written his letter, he will go a-hunting. LESSON LXXVII. Impersonal Passive Verbs.—Prepositions. 443. THOSE verbs which take no direct object in the active, can only be used impersonally in the passive; e. g., |