Let not the slaves be chastised. 7. Let him be buried in the city. 8. Defend (ye) the name and the safety of the American people. 9. Defend (ye) the American eagle. 10. Let the American eagle be defended by all. 11. Boys, listen to (hear) the instruction of your fathers. 12. Do not break your word.

LESSON LXI

Infinitive Mood.

352. THE Infinitive mood (as already stated, 9) represents the simple meaning of the verb without reference to person or number.

353. The infinitive mood has in each voice three tenses; viz., the present, perfect, and future.

REM.-We must here give the formation of the supine and future act. participle (both of which we shall soon notice), as they are used in forming the future infinitive.

354. The future active participle and the active supine are formed from the third root; the former by the addition of ūrus (ă, ŭm); as, ămāt (3d root), ămātūrus (ă, ŭm); and the latter by the addition of um; as, ămāt,

ămātum.

355. The infinitives are formed as follows:

1) The present, from the first root by the addition of the endings:

2) The perfect active, from the second root by

the addition of the ending isse; and the per fect passive from the perfect participle and esse, 3) The future active, from the future active participle and esse; and the future passive from the supine and iri.

356. Paradigm of the Infinitive Mood.

357. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The subject of an infinitive must be put in the accusative; e. g.,

Vidět te essě beatum.

He sees that you are happy.

REM. 1.-The accusative te is the subject of esse.

REM. 2.-The use of the infinitive, as the subject of a finite verb, has been already considered (184).

358. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The infinitive, either alone or with other words connected with it, may depend upon another verb; e. g.,

1. Cupit săpĕrě.

He desires to be wise.

2. Spērăt sẽ victurum esse.

He hopes that he shall live.

REM. 1.—In most cases the infinitive is really the direct object of the verb on which it depends; thus săpěrě (to be wise) is really the object desired. He desires (what?) to be wise.

REM. 2.-In the compound infinitives (i. e., those which are made up of two words) the participles must agree in gender, number, and case with the subject of those infinitives; but of course the supine remains unaltered. Thus, in the second example, victūrŭm is in the accusative masculine singular, to agree with sẽ, the subject of the infinitive.

359. Two or more English sentences, joined by the conjunction that, are often made one Latin sentence, by leaving out the conjunction, and turning the following nominative into the accusative and the verb into the infinitive.

360. VOCABULARY.

Certŭs, ă, ŭm, certain.

Clemens, tis, mild, merciful.

Convertere, convert, convers, to

turn, convert.

Pars, partis, part.

Peccare, av, at, to sin.
Praedă, ae, booty.

Săpĕrě, īv, i, or u, to be wise.

Cupĕrě (io), cupiv (or i), cupit, Spērārě, av, at, to hope.

361. Exercises.

(a) 1. Balbi est omnia in tres partes dividère. 2. Nunquam utile est peccare. 3. Omnes homines beāti esse cupiunt. 4. Cupio me esse clementem. 5. Docemus pueros ut sapere discant.. 6. Video in me omnium vestrum oculos esse conversos. 7. Sperant se victūros esse. 8. Certum est Balbum patriam auro vendidisse.

(b) 1. He is said to have divided the booty into ten parts. 2. They are said to have lived at Rome five years. 3. We desire to be happy. 4. You all desire to be happy. 5. He is said to have been very happy. 6. He says, that all eyes were turned upon him. 7. He sees that you are happy. 8. It is certain, that a Christian does not fear death. 9. It is certain, that the boy has heard a voice. 10. It is certain, that Balbus will value my labors very highly.2 11. It is certain, that the avaricious value money very highly. 12. It is certain, that Balbus will be condemned to death.

LESSON LXII.

Participles. Ablative Absolute.

362. THE participle is that part of the verb which has the form and inflection of an adjective.

363. A verb may have four participles, viz.: the present and future in the active voice, and the perfect and future in the passive.

364. The participles are formed as follows:

1) The present active in the four conjugations, by the addition of the respective endings:

Amans (loving), mõnens, règens, audiens.

2) The future active, from the third root, by the addition of the ending ūrus (ă, ŭm) (302); as, Amātūrus (about to love), mõnĭtūrus, rectūrus, audītūrus.

3) The perfect passive, from the third root, by the addition of the ending us (ă, ŭm) (302); as,

Amātus (loved), mõnĭtés, rectus, audītus.

4) The future passive in the four conjugations, by the addition of the respective endings:

Amandus (deserving to be loved), monendus, regendus, audiendus.

865. The participle in ns answers to the English participle in ing. The participle in us answers to the English participle in ed, en, t, &c,

The participle in dus must be translated by the present infinitive passive, as used with a substantive. (A termination to be desired; a crime to be abhorred.)

The participle in rus must be translated by 'about to (write); or, 'going to (write).'

366. RULE OF SYNTAX.-A noun and a participle standing grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence are put in the ablative (called absolute); e. g., Eng. Id., Caesar having conquered his enemies.

Caesar, victīs
hostibus,

Lat. Id. Caesar his enemies being conquered.