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imas copias comparaverat. 6. Caius, vir summo ingenio praeditus, Romae habitat. 7. Servus meus proelio interfuit. 8. Fides plurimis profuit. 9. Christianorum est avaritiam damnare. 10. Caius multis proeliis interfuerat. 11. Terrae superficies minor est quam maris. 12. Caesar decimam legiōnem misit.

(6) 1. They will fight bravely. 2. You fought more bravely than the Romans. 3. The king himself was engaged in the battle. 4. He fought very bravely. 5. Ten legions were engaged in the first battle. 6. The soldiers of the tenth legion fought more bravely than those of the fourth. 7. Anger has often been prejudicial to states. 8. It is the part of a Christian to do good to as many as possible. 9. Caesar raised the greatest forces possible. 10. Many states relying on their strength will raise forces.

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LESSON LVI.

Passive Voice.-Third Persons of Tenses for continued Action.

322. A TRANSITIVE verb (72) may represent its subject,

1) As acting upon some object; as, Pătĕr fīliŭm docět, the father teaches his son; it is then said to be in the Active Voice.

2) As acted upon by some other person or thing; as, Filius à pătre docetur, the son is taught by his father; it is then said to be in the Passive Voice.

REM.-The forms which have been used in the previous exercises all belong to the active voice: we shall now consider the formation and use of the passive.

323. The third persons (singular and plural) of the tenses for continued action (190), both in the indicative and subjunctive moods, are formed in the passive voice, by adding the ending ur to the corresponding forms of the active.

a) But observe that the vowel before the t in the singular is long, except from it in the third conjugation, and from ābĭt and ēbīt.

324. The following table presents the formation of the third persons of the passive in the moods and tenses just mentioned.

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Am-abăt,

Am-abatur.

Mon-ēbātur.

Am-abant,

Am-abantur.

IMPERFECT (1st root), was, were loved, &c.

Mon-ēbăt, Rĕg-ēbăt, Aud-iēbăt,

Mon-ebant, Rĕg-ebant,

Mon-ebantur. Reg-ēbantur.

Rĕg-ebatur.

Aud-iēbātur.

Aud-iebant,

Aud-iebantur.

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PARADIGM-continued.

IMPERFECT (1st root), might, could, &c., be loved.

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325. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Passive verbs are followed

by the same cases as the active, except the direct ob ject, which becomes the subject of the passive (322); e. g.,

Act. Illi Balbum furti accusant.

They accuse Balbus of theft.

Pass. Balbus ab illis furti accusatur.

Balbus is accused of theft by them.

REM. Observe that the agent is put in the ablative with ab (ab illis);

a, however, is often used before a consonant.

326. VOCABULARY.

Călĕrě, ū, to cultivate, to practise. | Rhēnŭs, I, Rhine, a river.

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Pro (prep. with abl.), for, before. Unŭs, ă, ŭm, one, single, single one.

327. Exercises.

(a) 1. Caius filios docet. 2. Filii a Caio docentur. 3. Legatos ad Caesarem mittent. 4. Legati ad Caesărem mittentur. 5. Mittantur legāti. 6. Reliquas sex legiōnes pro castris in acie constituet. 7. Caium capitis damnabunt. 8. Caius capitis damnabitur. 9. Haec civitas Rhenum tangit. 10. Haec civitas Rhenum, ut supra demonstravimus, tangit. 11. Virtus ab omnibus colatur.

(b) 1. Balbus will kill Caius. 2. He will be killed by Balbus. 3. Caius accuses me of theft. 4. He is accused of theft by Caius. 5. Let him be accused of bribery. 6. Let them be condemned to death. 7. They are killed in the first battle. 8. Let not the king be condemned to death. 9. The law will be broken. 10. Will not the laws be broken by wicked (men)? 11. Let not the laws of the city be broken by us.

LESSON LVII.

Passive Voice.-Third Persons of Tenses for Completed Action.

328. THE tenses for completed action in the passive voice are called Compound Forms, and consist of the perfect participle with certain parts of the verb essě (299). We must accordingly notice here the formation of this participle.

329. The perfect participle is formed from what is called the third root, by the addition of the ending us (ă, um), and is declined like bonus.

330. The third root is formed from the first,

1) In the first, second, and fourth conjugations by the addition of the respective endings, āt,

it, and it; e. g.,

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2) In the third conjugation, by the addition of t,

or sometimes s (especially to the t-sounds).

a) Any p-sound before t is p (i. e., pt or bt becomes pt).

b) Any k-sound before t is c (i. e., cl, gt, or qut becomes ct).

c) D, and sometimes g, is dropped before s (see 208, c, and 211).

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331. The third persons singular of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect of the passive indicative are formed respectively from the third singular of the present, imperfect, and future* of the indicative of the verb esse and the perfect participle; and the plural is formed in the same way, by using the plural of the participle and verb.

332. The third persons of the perfect and pluperfect passive subjunctive, are formed by a similar combination of the perfect passive participle with the third persons of the present and imperfect subjunctive of esse.

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* Instead of the present, imperfect, and future, the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect are sometimes used.

+ Instead of the present and imperfect, the perfect and pluperfect are sometimes used.

These participles, which, it must be remembered, are declined like bonus (302), are always of the same gender and number as the subject of the verb, thus:

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