REM. 3.—The following adjectives are quite irregular in their com

307. The conjunction quam is generally used with the comparative degree, unless one of the persons or things compared is the subject of the proposition, in which case quam is usually omitted, though sometimes used; e. g.,

1. Nihil est clēmėntiā dīvīnius.

Nothing is more godlike than clemency.

2. Eurōpă minor est quăm Asiă.
Europe is smaller than Asia.

308. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The comparative degree without quam is followed by the ablative.

REM. 1.—Clēmentia in the first example is in the ablative by this rule. REM. 2.-If quam is expressed, the following noun will be in the same case as that which precedes: thus, Asiă, which follows quăm in the second example, is in the same case as Europă, which precedes 309. The conjunction quăm before a superlative renders it intensive; e.g.,

Quăm plurimi,

Quăm maximüs,

Eng. Id. As many as possible.
Lat. Id. As the most.

Eng. Id. {

As great as possible.

The greatest possible. Lat. Id. As the greatest.

REM.-The superlative may often be best translated by very instead of most; as, mons altissimus, a very high mountain.

(a) 1. Aurum gravius est argento. 2. Ignoratio futurōrum malōrum utilior est quam scientia. 3. Difficillimum est iram placare. 4. In summis montibus acerrimum est frigus.

10

5. Věniunt ut copias comparent. 6. Vēnit ut quam maximas copias compararet. 7. Turris est altior muro. 8. Quid est in homine ratiōne divinius? 9. Mons altissimus impendebat. 10. Cicero erat orator celeberrĭmus. 11. Romāni ampliōres copias exspectabant.

(b) 1. Gold is very heavy. 2. Gold is more valua ble than silver. 3. Wisdom is more valuable than gold and silver. 4. You are building a very high wall. 5. You have your wall higher than your tower. 6. We shall raise very large forces. 7. You have raised larger forces than the king himself.

8. We have come to raise as large forces as possible." 9 Let them raise as large forces as possible. 10. It is very easy to keep one's word. 11. It is easier to keep one's word than to appease anger. 12. Who was more celebrated than Cicero? 13. He was a very celebrated orator.

LESSON LV

Compounds of Esse.-Comparison of Adverbs.--Numeral Adjectives.

312. THE compounds of esse (except posse, to be able, which is irregular, and will be noticed hereafter) are conjugated like the simple esse. prodesse, however (compounded of prō, for, and essě, to be), inserts d after prō in those parts which in the simple verb begin with

e; as,

Pres. Prōsům, prōdes, prōdest, prōsumus, prōdestis, prōsunt, &c.

313. The compounds of esse (except posse) are followed by the dative, as they take only an indirect object (82 and 643, 2); e. g.,

Mihi profuit.

It profited me (did good to me).

REM.-Here it is plain that mihi (to me) is not a direct, but only an indirect object.

314. Most adverbs are derived from adjectives, and are dependent upon them for their comparison: the comparative of the adverb being the same as the neuter comparative of the adjective, and the superlative being formed from that of the adjective by changing the ending us into ē; as,

Adj. Altus,

Adv. Altē,

altior (ius neut.), altissimus.
altius,
altissimē.

NUMERALS.

315. Numerals comprise,

(a) Numeral adjectives, consisting of three distinct classes; viz.,

1) Cardinals, which denote simply the number of

objects; as, ūnus, one; duo, two, &c.

2) Ordinals, which denote the position of any ob ject in a series; as, prīmus, first; secundus, second.

3) Distributives, which denote the number of objects which are taken at a time; as, singūlī, one by one; bīnī, two by two.

(b) Numeral adverbs; as, seměl, once; bis, twice. (See Numerals, 583.)

316. RULE OF SYNTAX.-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; e. g., Miles fortiter pūgnat, the soldier fights bravely. Haud difficilis, not dif ficult.

317. (a) The first three cardinals, ūnus, duo, and trēs, are declined as follows:

REM. The plural of ūnus, as a numeral, is used only with nouns which

have no singular.

2. Paradigms of duo, two, and trēs, three.

REM.-Trēs is declined like the plural of tristis (153).

(b) Cardinal numbers, from four to one hundred, are indeclinable; those denoting hundreds are declined like the plural of bonus (112); e. g., ducentī, ae, ǎ, two hundred.

318. Ordinals are declined like bonus. Distributives are declined like the plural of bonus.

319. Whenever the same noun belongs to both members of a comparison in Latin, it is generally expressed in the first and omitted in the second; in English, however, it is expressed in the first, and represented in the second by the pronoun that or those; e. g.,

Măris superfícies major est quam terrae.

The sea's surface is greater than (that*) of the land.

REM.-Hence, in translating English into Latin, that, those, after than, should be omitted.

320: VOCABULARY.

Concertarě, av, to contend, quarrel. | Omnino, altogether, in all.

Interesse, interfu, to be engaged Quartus, a, um, fourth.

(a) 1. Milites fortiter pugnant. 2. Romāni fortius quam hostes pugnaverunt. 3. Ex eo die dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit. 4. Erant omnino itinera duo. 5. Caesar quam max

*Here that stands for the surface.