283. RULE OF SYNTAX.-The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender and number; as, Puĕr qui scribit, the boy who writes.

REM.

Qui is in the masculine singular, to agree with its antecedent puer; but it is in the nominative because it is the subject of scribit, and not because its antecedent is in the nominative.

284. The Interrogative Pronouns, quis and qui, are so called because they are used in asking questions. Qui (which? what?) is used adjectively, and is declined like the relative. Quis (who? which? what?) is generally used substantively, and is declined like the rela tive, except the forms quis, quid, as follows:

Amplius (comp. adv. from ample), more, further.

286. Exercises.

(a) 1. Quis nos vocabit? 2. Quid dixisti? 3. Quid cogitas? 4. Quid times? 5. Quis tibi hunc librum dedit? 6. Eadem quae ex nuntiis cognoverat, coram perspicit. 7. In qua urbe vivĭmus? 8. Illi, quod nemo fecerat, fecerunt. 9. Quid est quod amplius exspectes? 10. Quam urbem habemus? 11. Quis Caium proditionis (214) accusat? 12. Quem ambitus accusavisti? 13. Carthagine invītus manēbo. 14. Biennium Romae invīti manēbant. 15. Summam prudentiam simulatione stultitiae texistis.

(b) 1. Whom do you love? 2. I see the slave whom you punished. 3. Who has sold his country for gold? 4. Who gave the boy this beautiful book? 5. Who will show me the way? 6. I will show you the house which my father built.

7. Which book were you reading? 8. I was reading the book which you gave me. 9. We all read to learn (that we may learn). 10. You have remained at Rome many years. 11. How much time you have

lost!

LESSON LI.

Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, continued.—Interrogative Particles.

287. Ně and num are interrogative particles; and when a question has no interrogative pronoun (284) or interrogative adverb, one of these particles must be used.

288. If ně is used, it must follow and be joined to some other word; and, if there is a not in the sentence, it must be joined to the non (not), making nonně; e. g.,

1. Scribitně Caius ?
2. Nonně scribit?
3. Num scribit Caius?

Is Caius writing?

Is not he writing?

Is Caius writing? [No.]

REM.-A question with ně and without non asks for information (Ex. 1), with non expects the answer yes (Ex. 2), and with num expects the answer no (Ex. 3); thus, Nŭm scribit Caius, means, Caius is not writing, is he?

Construĕre, construx, to build, Pĕrīcŭlōsūs, ă, ŭm, dangerous.

construct.

Sanguis, inis, m., blood.

Spargěrě, spars, to scatter, to sow.

Immergĕrě, immers, to plunge Seměn, înís, seed.

into.

In (prep. with accus. or abl.), with | Victimă, ae, victim.

290. Exercises.

(In construing, omit the ně or năm, but make the sentence a question.)

(a) 1. Scripsitne Caius ?+ 2. Num scripseratis? 3. Num rex portas urbis sua manu claudet? 4. Quid rides?

* It has been thought unnecessary longer to insert key-words in the Vocabularies, but it is hoped the pupil will still continue to accustom himself to associate with his Latin at least some of the more common English words which have been derived from it.

In construing a question, the auxiliary verb (does, do, did, has, have) must be put before the subject; as, Scripsitne puer, Has the boy written? or, Did the boy write?

5. Caius se in flumen immersit. 6. Periculōsum est hieme se in flumen immergere. 7. Puer se in flumen immergat. 8. Agricolārum est semina auctumno spargère. 9. Nonně in summis Alpibus tantum est frigus, ut nix ibi nunquam liquescat? 10. Sacerdos victimārum sanguine aram aspersit. 11. Nonně boni est pastōris" tondere oves, non deglubĕre?

(b) 1. Does he live to eat? [No.] 2. Does not he eat to live? 3. The husbandman has scattered seeds. 4. Have not the husbandmen scattered seeds? 5. He has plunged the body into the middle of the waters. 6. Let fish swim in the midst of the waters. 7. They have come to condemn (239) you to death. 8. Can he swim in the middle of the waters? 10 [No.] 9. The boy's industry is so-great, that he can learn all things. 10. Has not a wolf bitten the sheep? 11. Are you shearing the sheep?

8

LESSON LII.

Indicative and Subjunctive Moods, continued.-Pronouns, Indefinite and Possessive.

291. Indefinite Pronouns are so called because they do not definitely specify the objects to which they refer; e. g., quidăm, a certain one; aliquis, some one; quisque, every one; siquis, if any,

&c.

292. The indefinite pronouns are compounds either of quis or qui, and are declined in nearly the same manner as the simple pronouns.

293. Quidăm, compounded of qui and dăm, is declined like qui, except in the neuter singular, where it

takes quid (instead of quod) when used substantively and in the accusative singular and genitive plural, where m before d is changed into n; as, quendăm (not quem• dăm), quõrundăm (not quōrumdăm).

294. Aliquis, compounded of ălius and quìs, is declined like quis, except in the neuter singular, nominative and accusative, where it has aliquod adjective, and ăliquid substantive; and in the feminine singular and neuter plural, where it has ăliqua. It is declined as follows:

295. The Possessive Pronouns (so called because they denote possession), meus, meă, meŭm; tuŭs, tuă, tuŭm; suus, suă, suum; noster, nostră, nostrum; vestěr, vestră, vestrum, are declined, as we have already seen (114, REM. 3), like adjectives of the first and second declension.