LESSON XL.

Formation of the Second Root.-First IrregularityRadical vowel lengthened (and often changed).

218. REGULAR Endings of the Second Root of Verbs.

REM. The above table presents only the regular endings of the second root; there are, however, several irregularities in the formation of that root which we must notice.

*

219. Some verbs in each of the four conjugations form the second root by lengthening the vowel of the

věn,

vēn.

Věnīrě, to come;

1) In the third conjugation,

a) If the first root has ă, the second will have ē.

b) Mand n are often dropped before a final mute; e.g.,

* In the first and fourth conjugations, jūvārě, lăvārě, věnīrě, and their

compounds, are probably the only instances.

(a) 1. Balbus manus lavit. 2. Puĕri manus lāvē rant. 3. Agricola exercitum vidit. 4. Milītes vēnērunt. 5. Caius brachium suum frēgerat. 6. Quantum voluptatis cēpērunt!

7. Nunquam utile est foedus rumpere. 8. Nunquam utile est fidem violare, quia semper est turpe. 9. Facile est puerōrum animos donis placare. 10. Turpe est foedera negligere. 11. Galli negligebant foedera. 12. Nemo semper labōrat. 13. Culpas suas simulatiōne virtutis texit. 14. Multura voluptatis ceperant. 15.

* The gen. nēmìnis and abl. něměně are not in good use.

Multum voluptatis amiserant.

16. Quantuin cibi

amiserunt!

(b) 1. Caius has broken his arm. 2. They had broken their arms. 3. The king had broken the treaty. 4. The Gauls had broken the treaty. 5. Caesar had seen the army. 6. The girls will have seen the queen. 7. Caesar conquered the Gauls. 8. The Gauls did not conquer Caesar.

16.

9. It is disgraceful to break a treaty. 10. It is difficult to conquer the Gauls. 11. It is not easy to conquer the enemy. 12. He had appeased Balbus. 13. They will break their chains. 14. They had broken their chains. 15. It is easy to break (one's) arm. They are losing much money. 17. They had lost much money. 18. They were losing much pleasure. 19. They will condemn Balbus to death (215). 20. He had conquered his enemies.

LESSON XLI.

Formation of the Second Root.-Second IrregularityReduplication.

222. A FEW verbs of the first, second, and third conjugations, form the second root by prefixing to the first their initial consonant, with the following vowel or with e; e. g.,

REM. The radical vowel is also sometimes changed; as, cădĕrė, to

fall; 2d root, cecid (ă changed to ì).

humèro pependerunt. 3. Nox proelio (648) finem dedit. 4. Malus pastor oves non totondit. 5. Malus pastor deglupsit oves; non totondit.

6. Boni pastōris' est tondere oves, non deglubĕre. 7. Pastōres agricolas riserunt. 8. Lupus boni pastōris ovem momordĕrit. 9. Boni canis non est oves mordēre. 10. Servus portas urbis clauserit. 11. Puĕri regis sceptrum videbunt. 12. Lusciniae colorem mutăbunt. 13. Auctumno lusciniae colorem suum mutavěrint.

(b) 1. The dog has bitten the sheep. 2. Your dog had bitten the girl. 3. My horses have been running (have run). 4. Balbus has given his dog to your son. 5. They had given their dogs to the shepherd.

6. The wolf had bitten the sheep. 7. The shepherd will shear his sheep. 8. A shepherd does not shear

his sheep in the winter. 9. The wolves have bitten my dog. 10. Caius will shave (his) beard. 11. The cloak was hanging from (his) shoulder. 12. The dog has bitten the wolf. 13. They wrote the letter. 14. Balbus had shaved (his) beard. 15. The girls have plucked flowers in Caius's garden. 16. The girls will walk in the garden. 17. The queen was walking through the city. 18. They have surrounded the city with walls. 19. They have offended-against the laws of their country.

LESSON XLII.

Formation of the Second Root.-Third Irregularity-Second root after the analogy of other conjugations.

225. A FEW verbs in each conjugation form the second root according to the analogy of one or more of the other conjugations.

1) A few in the first conjugation follow the analogy of the second; e. g.,

Micare, to glitter: 1st root, mic; 2d root, mică.

2) A few in the second follow the analogy of the

third; e. g.,

Rīdērě, to laugh; 1st root, rīd; 2d root, rīs (rids). Lūgērě, to mourn;

lug;

lux (lugs).

3) A few in the third follow the analogy of the second or fourth; e. g.,.

Călĕrě, to till; 1st root, col; 2d root, colu.