1848.] Oulture of the Vine in the East. 283 zaviorarαι may be of the Middle Voice; pass. in Thucyd. II. 65 (Fritzsche). That it is altogether equivalent to yíveova (Phavorinus), is incorrect. It always means to be made something. On the other hand, one must not, with Grotius and Boehme, explain it as meaning they are treated as sinners; nor with Koppe, Reiche, and Fritzsche, they appear as sinners, viz. in consequence of the penalty of death coming upon them, (Fritz. "eorum mors eos peccavisse ostendit.") The simple thought is, They are become actual sinners; not merely through imputation, (Beza, Bengel). Comp. notes on v. 12. So in the after-clause, díxao xaraoradhoovrai, not, they shall be righteous; not, they shall be treated as righteous, but be made righteous - be justified; and this, not through the imputation of active obedience of another, but in accordance with the usual idea of justification, i. e. pardoning mercy. The Fut. tense is employed here, as in 3: 30, because justification in respect to the many is not yet completed. Reiche refers it to the future revelation of the glory of Christians after the resurrection (?). ARTICLE IV. THE PRODUCE OF THE VINEYARD IN THE EAST. By Rev. Henry Homes, American Missionary at Constantinople. In a country where wine, as in America, is known as a great promoter of the crime of drunkenness, and where the vintage is supposed to be gathered chiefly for the purpose of making wine, it is difficult for the mind to do justice to the common language of Scripture which extols the vine and its products as one of the staffs of life. The fruits of the vine, designated by ten different words in the Bible, that are translated wine in our version, are in more than thirty different passages, associated with the tithes and offerings, or with corn and oil, as emblems of temporal blessings. Along with the field of grain is mentioned the vineyard; along with the harvest is mentioned the vintage; along with corn and oil, wine is almost always combined as the third representative of the three chief blessings of the year. We will quote but two of the many passages of this kind. "And he will love thee and bless thee and multiply thee: he will also bless the fruit of thy womb, and the fruit of thy land, thy corn, and thy wine (tirosh) and thine oil, etc." Deut. 7: 13. "For the children of Israel and the children of Levi shall bring the offering of the corn, of the new wine (tirosh) and the oil unto the chambers." Neh. 10: 39. Additional honor is bestowed upon the vine, by the number of illustrations of the most precious truths that are drawn from it. The church and its members are most beautifully pictured as being united to Christ as the branch is united to the vine; Christ's servants are described as laborers in his vineyard; the church is the planted vine brought out of Egypt, the vine watered and protected by God; and Christ encourages his disciples with the promise of drinking with them the fruit of the vine new in his Father's kingdom. Nothing in the material world is so often employed in the Scriptures, as a symbol to convey spiritual truths, as the vine and its fruit. Now when we recall to mind, that wine is supposed to be the chief thing obtained from the vine, and that as a fermented liquor it contains a certain per centage of alcohol, and that there is no substance now called wine by any one that is not intoxicating, it must introduce confusion into the minds of many, to understand how the vine is worthy to be exalted in the word of God into such a conspicuous place for our admiration. Enlightened reason approves of all the denunciations of intemperance found in the Bible, and also of its approbation of abstinence from intoxicating drinks, and therefore the mind asks that the propriety and consistency should be shown, of making such a natural source of evil as the vineyard and its fruit is supposed to be, emblems of the staff of life along with corn and oil. Many, it seems to us, show more embarrassment in the treatment of this question than might be expected, and very extreme assertions have been hazarded on the subject. The source of this embarrassment seems to arise in great measure from the supposition, that the chief produce of the vineyard is and was that which we at this day universally call wine, and that the vineyard was cultivated chiefly for its yielding such wine, which we all know to be an intoxicating liquor. Now, as a resident of the East, we believe that sufficient facts can be adduced to render it extremely probable that this supposition is erroneous, and that the fabrication of an intoxicating liquor was never the chief object for which the grape was cultivated among the Jews. There were other products of the grape equally, and when all taken together, much more important than the portion of the grapes which were manfactured into wine. If the grape had been abused in Judea, to the extent that it is now in some countries, being used mainly for procuring an intoxicating liquor; or if it had been of no more use for general purposes, than it is in the more northern coun 1848.] Various uses of the products of the Vine. 285 tries of Europe, one may venture to suppose that it would never have held in the Bible the prominent place as a precious product that it now does. Perhaps the vine to the people of Judea was a plant which offered even a greater abundance of varied productions, than it does to the people of Asia Minor and Syria at the present day. Joined with the bread fruits and the olive tree, the three might well, under the comprehensive words of corn, wine (tirosh) and oil, be representatives of the productions most essential to them, at the same time that they were those most abundantly provided for the support of life. The existence of this variety of manufactures from the grape among the Jews, is suggested from the large number of Hebrew words translated by the single word "wine," and is distinctly intimated in Numbers 6: 3, 4. "He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes or dried. All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk." It would be foreign to our object to attempt to show what manufactures from the grape were indicated by any of these words employed in Scripture; but we recall their variety to the mind of the reader, that he may be prepared to make an inference from the statements we are about to make in regard to the varied productions of the vineyard in Turkey, as to what may have formerly been the fact as to the variety of productions of the same in Judea. The remarkable fact is that in Asia Minor and Syria, the largest part of the produce of the vine is used for other purposes than making intoxicating liquors. In both of these countries, three quarters of the people, being Moslems, regard the drinking of wine as a sin, and neither make wine or drink it; and yet by far the largest portion of the vineyards is owned by this same people. The Greek, Armenian, and other Christians, who make and drink wine, are also in the same position; only a small portion of the whole produce of their vineyards is made into wine, although this is not true of all localities. I have asked Christians from Diarbekir, Aintab, and other places in the interior of Asia Minor, and all concur in the same statement. Rev. E. Smith writes in reference to Syria: "Wine is not the most important, but rather the least so, of all the objects for which the vine is cultivated,"1 and again speaking of Bhamdun, "the wine made is an item of no consideration." Dr. Robinson says, "No wine is made from the very extensive vineyards of Hebron, except a little by the Jews."2 The quantity of grapes that is made into wine is probably greater than at 1 Bib. Sacra, Nov. 1846. Biblical Researches, Vol. II. p. 442. any former period, owing to the corruption and degradation of the Christian population, and also of the Mohammedan. Yet where the people have preserved anything of the original simplicity of their cus toms, the amount of wine made is proportionably small. On the contrary, the amount made increases near commercial cities. Still in the vine-growing districts of Turkey, the grape stands as prominent among the productions of the country as a source of comfort and prosperity, as the Bible makes it to have been among the productions of Judea. Our readers may now be demanding, "since wine is not made from the grape, what is the varied produce of the vine that renders it so valuable to the people?" In answering this question, we propose to enumerate successively all the different uses of the vine, as far as known at the present day in the East. Such an enumeration we have never known to be made; travellers have not been aware what a staple article for the supply of a multiplicity of wants was to be found in the grape, and our practical moralists in treating on the use of wine have had no complete information on the existing varieties of "liquor of grapes," Num. 6: 3. Some of the manufactures of grape liquor which we shall mention, though probably known to the ancient Greeks and Romans, have never been alluded to by any modern traveller. 1. The first produce of the vineyard which we find is the Green Grape,, Num. 6: 4. It is used for its verjuice, to give a tart taste to all articles of food that need it, and for making refreshing drinks. The manner of using it is various, either by putting the fresh green grapes into the food, or by drying the same in the sun and putting them up in bags like raisins, or by pressing out the juice, partially evaporating it in the sun, and carefully preserving it in bottles, or lastly, after having thoroughly dried the green grape, it is ground to powder in a mill, and the powder bottled. These various preparations give thus a fresh tart vegetable juice for all seasons of the year for cooking meat and vegetables for the table; and in regions where they are never accustomed to see a lemon, they supply the place of lemonade. A drink made from the juice of the green grape is also most reviving to the parched and weary traveller. 2. The Fresh Ripe Grape in the regions where it is cultivated may be had from three to five months in succession (Lev. 26: 5), owing to the difference of vines, soil and climate of a particular district. During these months, and indeed for many following months, as will be seen, combined with bread, it is the main reliance of the people for food to eat; for theirs is a "land of bread and vineyards," 2 Kings 18: 32. Grapes are not sold in the interior towns at two or three 1848.] Various uses of the Grape. 287 shillings a pound, but at the astonishingly low price of from one quarter of a cent to one cent a pound; and even in Constantinople, with all the causes of dearness, the common sorts of grapes can be had for two or three cents a pound. They are so innocuous, that in general one may eat of them with greater freedom than any other kind of fruit, even to satiety. It is not to be wondered at that so luscious a fruit, which can be obtained at a cheaper rate than potatoes by the poor in Ireland, should form in some districts, with oil and bread, the chief nourishment of the people; and that the vine should be extensively cultivated for the sake of its solid fruit merely. 3. Fresh grapes are hung up in dry places in the shade and preserved on the cluster, with a little wilting, to eat in the winter; so that in this manner the time of fresh grapes is protracted for at least two months longer. Mr. Schneider of Broosa remarks, that this kind of grapes is sold there as late as February and March; the price is nearly as low as that of freshly gathered grapes. 4. Raisins. In the villages the grapes are hung in clusters on the side of the houses, or strowed on blankets on the tops of the houses to dry, and thus they prolong the fruits of the vintage for the months when the hung grapes are gone. Of their use for all kinds of cakes in cookery, as also for an accompaniment to bread, we need not speak, though it should be kept in mind to aid in our estimate of the value of the whole gathering from the vine, when used in the form of the solid fruit. 5. Preserves made with fresh grape juice. One of the very common uses of the grape, is to boil the freshly expressed must before it is twenty-four hours old, after having removed the acidity and checked the tendency to ferment by throwing in calcareous earth, and then to boil with it various kinds of fruits and vegetables for sauces and preserves for the whole year. The most usual fruits employed are apples, quinces, plums and peaches; and of vegetables, green tomatos, egg plants, pumpkins, squashes and watermelon rinds. They are quartered and sometimes pared as with us; then a quantity sufficient for one caldron having been left for half an hour in lime water, in a bag, it is taken out and poured into the boiling juice to boil for several hours. The result is a preparation more liquid and the fruit less combined with the juice, than in the case of apples boiled with cider must. Mr. Schneider speaking of Broosa remarks, “An enormous quantity of Retchel" (the name in Turkish for this kind of preserves) is made in Broosa." And the same is true of many other districts. 6. Jellies and confectionary from fresh grape juice. There are other common but singular modes of using grape juice, which consist |