"Ever since I have been here it has been the custom for the Spanish Arawacks' and the other Indians living on the Moruka to go every year, at the end of the two wet seasons, to Waini mouth and Barima 5 mouth to fish. They used to go all this side up to the Amakuru, but the other side of that is what has always been known as the Orinoque side, and there they could not fish except by hiding and in secret. . . . . I know that the Indians have always considered that the 10 English territory went as far as the Amakuru; the other side of the river was Spanish, and not English."

In this connection also it may be noted that there are at least two instances in which considerable bodies of Indians, formerly living on 15 the western side of the Schomburgk line as Spanish subjects, have fled across the Amakuru and taken refuge on what they considered Dutch or British territory.

One of these instances is that of the Warows. 20 For example, in 1767 the Director-General writes to the Company

"That on account of the bad treatment received at the hands of the present Governor of Orinoque, all the Warouws, thousands of whom live in the islands in the 25 mouth of the Orinoque, are fleeing from there, and that hundreds of them have already arrived in Barima."

This movement of refugee Warows into the protection of Dutch-British territory has continued, and there is a marked difference between 30 the so-called English Warows and the so-called Spanish Warows. The difference is recognized by the Indians themselves. The Warow Cyriac

says:

"Only English Warows lived at Aruka then."

35 And it has affected their language. Lewis

says:

P, 218.

For example, English Warraus call SundaySun- British App. VII, dak,' like the Dutch, while the Venezuelan Warraus sayMeisah.' Christmas by the English Warraus is 40 called 'Sundaka-ida' (little Sunday), while the Spanish Warraus say 'Yah Olewakah' (day of gladness)."

The other instance of migration is that of the so-called "Spanish Arawaks," frequently referred to in the documents in the Appendix to the 45 British Case. In the year 1817 attention was called by Governor John Murray to the migration

of Arawak Indians, with more or less Spanish
blood in their veins, from the Orinoco to the
Moruka. An attempt was then made to stop the
influx and send away those who had come, some
to Porto Rico and some back to the Orinoco. But 5
the arrivals continued, and in 1834 arrangements
were made by the Governor of the Colony for a
grant of land on which these people should settle
on the Moruka River. This grant was formally
made, or at least renewed, in 1840, and a Roman 10
Catholic priest was provided and paid by the
Colonial Government. The fact that these
Indians were by this grant fixed to a special spot,
where they have since resided and have generally
married only among their own community, has 15
resulted in their retaining to the present day the
use of the Spanish language, together with
Arawak.

These Spanish Arawaks are the only persons
on the eastern side of the Amakuru who speak 20
Spanish. All the other Indians, if they speak
any language but their own, as many of them
do, now speak English, and formerly spoke
Creole Dutch.

The Spaniard Inciarte, who penetrated to the 25 Pomeroon in 1779 says in his diary:

"I left the two Guaranos Indians we captured in Moruka at the settlement [in Wakepo] . . . . the younger who was very handsome, spoke English and Dutch."

30

On the other hand, the Pomeroon Indians gave Inciarte a boy of their tribe to take back with him to be taught Spanish.

In 1836, all the Postholders, being required to reply to a series of questions, one of which was 35 as to their means of communicating with the Indians, answered almost unanimously that the Indians understood either English or Creole Dutch.

Schomburgk, in 1841, still heard the Indians as 40 far west as the Amakuru River speaking Dutch; and Sir Henry Barkly noted the same-as also the prevalence of Dutch names among the Indians of those parts.

The old Arawak woman, Issokura, speaking 45 from memory of her uncle on the Amakuru, said that

"He been speak the Dutch language, and always talked it when he went to white people."

And she is confirmed in this by her nephew
Neebrowari.

Creole-Dutch was also the common language among the Indians in the centre of the Colony 5 (ie., in the valleys of the Cuyuni, Massaruni, and Central Essequibo) so far as they used any language but their own.

That the Indians also recognized British influence on the Upper Essequibo and Rupununi, and 10 thence westward to the Schomburgk line is shown

British Counter-
Case, App.

p. 407.

British Counter

Case, App.

p. 312:

Case. App. p. 312.

by the following facts. Judicial records show that Indians from the Rupununi Savannah were examined through the medium of Creole-Dutch. Again in the Report of the Joint Brazilian15 Venezuelan Commission, which attempted in the years 1879-83 to delimit the boundaries of Brazil and Venezuela, it is stated, that the Arekuna, Macusi, and Wapiana Indians, who exclusively occupy the Pakaraima Mountains 20 and the savannahs to the south of these, were altogether under British influence, that they British Counterunderstood the English language to some extent, and that their trade went to Demerara. The great Carib Chief Mahanarva, who, early 25 in the present century lived high up the Essequibo, above the junction of the Rupununi, and was there regarded as the great Chief of all those Indians of the district who were of Carib stock, such as the Macusis, spoke English and Creole30 Dutch. This Chief had close relations with the Governor and Court of Policy. The British sympathies of these people in Sir Robert Schomburgk's time, when the Missionary Youd established his Mission among them, are apparent 35 from Schomburgk's Reports.

English and Creole-Dutch are the only languages, except their own, used by Indians in any part of the territory now in dispute, with the exception of the Spanish Arawaks above40 mentioned. The gradual spread of British influence over the Indians within the last fifty years from the Missions on the Pomeroon and Moruka is very clearly indicated in the extracts printed in the Appendix to this Counter-Case 45 from the Reports of the Guiana Diocesan

Society. It is there shown that not only the Indians from the Amakuru, Barima, Barama, and Waini gradually came in, but that many from up the Cuyuni, even at its source, and Arekunas from Roraima did the same.

"Journal of Royal
Geographical
Society," vol. vi,
p. 263

British App. VI, pp. 199-227 et passim.

British Counter-
Case, App.
pp. 301, 304, 306.
311.

"Spain first discovered the New World: first explored Venezuelan Case, 10 its Continents; first discovered, explored, possessed,

Her Majesty's Government, while admitting that Spain discovered America, and that Spanish navigators were the first to sail along the coast of Guiana, deny that Spain ever acquired an 30 original title to Guiana as a whole. The Spaniards entered, explored, settled, and effectively defended the Orinoco, and the Orinoco only. To the east of the Orinoco they did no more than visit the mouths of the rivers for trading purposes, 35 as the Dutch and others were also doing. They did not make there a single settlement even of a temporary nature, and so far from effectively

p. 35.

Venezuelan Case,
pp. 43 and 44.

Venezuelan Case,

p. 52.

The Coast of Guiana.