cause deaths among the natives from exposure to the mid-day heat. Rainfall in 1870-71, 51.3 inches.

Bándá has formed an arena of contention for the successive races who have struggled for the sovereignty of India. Kalinjar town, the capital, was unsuccessfully besieged by Mahmud the general of Muhammad Ghorí; in 1545 by Sher Shah, who, of Ghazní in 1023 A.D.; in 1196 it was taken by Kutab-ud-dín, however, fell mortally wounded in the assault. About the year 1735 the Rájá of Kalinjar's territory, including the present district of Bándá, was bequeathed to Bájí Ráo, the Marhattá Peshwá; and from the Marhattás it passed by the treaties of 1802-3 to the Company.

before the lords of the council; but these complaints were overruled. He enforced discipline and exact conformity within the church with an iron hand; and forty-nine ministers of the church were deprived of their livings for disobedience to his injunctions. In 1608 he was chosen chancellor of the University of Oxford. One of his latest public acts was a proposal laid before the parliament for improving the revenues of the church. In the last few months of his life he took part in the discussion about the consecration of certain Scottish bishops, and it was in pursuance of his advice that they were consecrated by several bishops of the English Church. By this act were laid the foundations of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Archbishop Bancroft was "the chief overseer" of the authorized version of the Bible, published within a year of his death. He died at Lambeth Palace, November 2, 1610. His lit-origin is distinctly marked. Banda Lantoir, which derives erary, remains are very few and unimportant. BANDÁ, a district of British India, in the Alláhábád division, under the Lieutenant-Governor of the NorthWestern Provinces, lies between 24° 59′ 15′′ and 25° 55' 30 N. lat., and 80° 2′ 45′′ and 81° 38′ E. long. It is bounded on the N. by the district of Fathipur, from which it is separated by the River Jamná; on the N.E. by the districts of Fathipur and Alláhábád; on the S.E. by the native state of Riwá; on the S. and S.W. by some of the petty states of Bundelkhand; and on the W. and N.W. by the district of Hamirpur. Area, 3030 square miles, of which 1390 are under cultivation, 848 cultivable but not cultivated, 108 revenue free, and 684 uncultivable waste. The census of 1872 took the area at 2908.68 square miles, and returned the district population at 697,610 souls,viz., Hindus, 657,107; Mahometans, 40,497; Christians, 6. Average density, 230 persons to the square mile. Of the population in 1872, 2897 were landed proprietors, 42,230 agriculturists, and 63,644 non-agriculturists. In some parts the district rises into irregular uplands and elevated plains, interspersed with detached rocks of granite; in others it sinks into marshy lowlands, which frequently remain under water during the rainy season. The sloping country on the bank of the Jamná is full of ravines. To the S.É. the Vindhya chain of hills takes its origin in a low range not exceeding 500 feet in height, and forming a natural boundary of the district in that direction. The principal river of the district is the Jamná, which flows from north-west to south-east, along the N.E. boundary of the district for 125 miles. Its most important tributaries within the district are the Ken, Bágain, Paisuní, and Ohán, all of which take their rise in the Vindhya hills. The principal towns and market villages in the district are Mau, Májhgáon or Rájápur, Marká, Samgará, Augásí, Chillá, and Barágáon, all situated on the bank of the Jamná.

The black soil of the district yields abundant crops of wheat, barley, maize, millet of various sorts, rice, and pulses. Hemp, oil-seeds, sugar, and indigo are also grown, but by far the most important crop is cotton, for which the district is so celebrated that the pro-luce is distinguished in commerce as "Bándá Cotton." The estimated acreage under the principal crops-Gram (Cicer arietinum), 138,662 acres; wheat, 134,247; maize, 126,198; cotton, 69,667; barley, 60,976; rice, 20,987; total, 550,737 acres, or 860-52 square miles. The total cultivated area of the district is returned at 1390 square miles. The manufactures of Bándá consist of coarse cotton-cloth, sackcloth, and stone handles for knives. Iron and building stone form the only mineral products. The revenue of the district amounted in 1870-71 to £167,488, the expenditure being £63,425. Since the acquisition of the country by the British, eight settlements of the land revenue have been made at different periods. The last (1834-35) of these adjusted the demand at £134,904, and the total collections amounted in 1870-71 to £131,275. In 1871 the regular police force of 620 men was maintained at a cost of £929, while a rural constabulary of 2552 men was maintained at the cost of the landholders and villagers. In 1871-72 there were 214 schools in the district, with an average daily attendance of 4695 pupils; expenditure, £2194, of which Government paid £754. Båndá district has only two towns containing upwards of 5000 inhabitants, viz., Bándá (27,746) and Girwan (6670). Bándá, the headquarters of the district, lies on the right bank of the River Ken, in lat. 25° 28', long. 80° 23'. Thirty-six miles of the Jalalpur branch of the East Indian Railway lie within the district, and eleven first-class roads afford good means of communication-the most important road, both commercially and for military purposes, being that from Mánikpur to Chilla. The climate of Bárdá is cold in the winter months, and terribly hot in summer. Frost is rare, except in the moist land adjoining the rivers; the hot winds frequently

BANDA ISLANDS, a group in the East Indian Archipelago, lying to the S. of Ceram, lat. 4° 30' S. and long. 129° 50' E. They are ten or twelve in number, and have an area of about 7150 square miles. Their volcanic its name from the lontar or Palmyra palm, is the largest of the group. From the sea this island appears lofty, its sides being steep, and crowned by a sort of table-land which extends nearly from one end to the other. The whole is one continuous forest of nutmeg and Canari trees, the latter being planted to screen the former from the wind. The unhealthiness of Lantoir has prevented it from becoming the seat of government, for which in other respects it would naturally be chosen. The village of Selam contains the ruins of the chief Portuguese settlement. A considerable fort, called Hollandia, commands the harbor. Banda Neira lies S. of Lantoir. It is the seat of the Dutch resident, whose jurisdiction extends not only over the Banda Islands, but also over a part of Ceram and several other small groups. Fort Nassau, which was built in 1609, is the chief defence of the islands; and to the right and left of it extends the village of Neira. Gunong Api is to the north of Neira, and derives its name-Fire Mountainfrom its large cone-shaped volcano, which rises 2320 feet above the level of the sea, and is constantly emitting smoke. The peak was ascended by Professor Reinwardt in 1821, by M. S. Müller in 1828, and in 1865 by Mr. Bickmore, who has given an interesting account of the adventure. Eruptions took place in 1586, 1598, 1609, 1615, 1632, 1690, 1696, 1712, 1765, 1775, 1778, 1820, 1824; and earthquakes without eruptions occurred in 1629, 1683, 1710, 1767, 1816, and 1852. On the last occasion the sea swept up in an enormous wave over Fort Nassau. Pulo Way-the Water Island-lies north of Neira. It is about 400 or 500 feet high, consists of coral rock, and is esteemed the healthiest of the group. Pulo Rond or Roon-the Chamber Island-is about four miles further N., and was at one time the seat of an English "factory." Rosyngain, about seven miles S.E. of Lantoir, is likely to become of some importance for its gold mines. It was formerly a convict station for Amboyna. Pulo Pisang-Banana Island two miles N.E. of Neira, produces fine fruits. The other islands, Craka, Capella, Sonangy, &c., are uninhabited. In the space between Banda Lantoir and the islands of Banda Neira and Gunong Api there is a very good harbor, formed with entrances both from the E. and W., which enable vessels to enter it from either of the monsoons. These channels are well defended with several batteries, particularly the western one, which is very narrow. tween Gunong Api and Banda Neira there is a third channel into this harbor from the N., but it is navigable for small vessels only. The principal articles of commerce in the Banda group are nutmegs and mace. The native population having been cleared off by the Dutch, the plantations were worked by slaves and convicts till the emancipation of 1860. The introduction of Malay and Chinese laborers has since taken place. The plantations or perken can neither be sold nor divided. About 700,000 b or upwards of nutmegs are obtained in a year, with a proportionate quantity of mace. The imports are provisions, cloth, and iron-ware from Batavia, and various native productions from the Aru Islands, Ceram, &c.

Be

The Banda Islands were discovered and annexed by the Portuguese Abreus about 1511; but in the beginning of the 17th century his countrymen were expelled by the Dutch. In 1608 the English built a factory on Pulo Way, which was demolished by the Dutch as soon as the English vessel left. Shortly after, however, Banda Neira and Lantoir were resigned by the natives to the English, and in 1620 Pulo Roon and Pulo Way were added to their dominions; but, in spite of treaties into which they had entered, the Dutch attacked and expelled their British

rivals. In 1654 they were compelled by Cromwell to restore Pulo Roon, and to make satisfaction for the massacre of Amboyna; but the English settlers not being adequately supported from home, the island was retaken by the Dutch in 1664. They retained undisturbed possession of their conquests in this quarter of the globe until the year 1796, when the Banda Islands, along with all the other Dutch colonies, were conquered by the British. They were festored by the treaty of Amiens in the year 1800, again captured, and finally restored by the treaty of Paris concluded in 1814. In the Presidency of Banda there are 111,194 inhabitants, of whom 6000 belong to Neira.

See Wallace's Malay Archipelago; Bickmore's Indian Archipelago; Linden's Banda en Zijne bewoners, 1873; Trans. of Dutch Geog. Soc., 1874.

with the bishop of Volterre, to whom he acted in the capacity of secretary. He was introduced to the emperor, and took the opportunity of dedicating to that monarch his Specimen Litteratura Florenting, which was then printing at Florence. On his return he took orders, and settled at Rome, passing the whole of his time in the library of the Vatican, and in those of the Cardinals Passionei and Corsini. The famous obelisk of Augustus, at that time disinterred from the ruins of the Campus Martius, was described by Bandini in a learned folio volume, De Obelisco Augusti. Shortly after he was compelled to leave Rome on account of his health and returned to Florence, where he was appointed librarian to the valuable library bequeathed to the public by the Abbé Marucelli. In 1756 he was preferred by the emperor to a prebend at Florence, and appointed principal librarian to the Laurentian library. During forty-four years he continued to discharge the duties of this situation, and died in 1800, generally esteemed and regretted. On his death-bed he founded a public school, and bequeathed the remainder of his fortune to other charitable purposes. The most important of his numerous works are the Catalogus Codd. MSS. Græc., Lat., Ital., Bib., Laurent., 8 vols., 1767-1778, and the Vita e Let

BANDON, or BANDONBRIDGE, an inland town and parliamentary borough of Ireland, in the county of Cork, and twenty miles by rail from the county town, is situated on both sides of the River Bandon, which is here crossed by a bridge of six arches. It has two churches, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel, Protestant and Methodist places of worship, a convent, two market-houses, a spacious quay on the south side of the river, an infirmary, a hospital, a dispensary, several public libraries and reading-rooms, an endowed school, a court-house, a bridewell, and barracks. Its manufactures of woollen and cotton goods have much declined; but there are distilleries, breweries, tanneries, and flour-mills. Population in 1871, 6131.

BANDELLO, MATTEO, an Italian novelist, was born at Castelnuovo, near Tortona, about the year 1480. He received a very careful education, and entered the church, though he does not seem to have prosecuted his theological course with great zeal. For many years he resided at Mantua, and superintended the education of the celebrated Lucrezia Gonzaga, in whose honor he composed a long poem. The decisive battle of Pavia, which gave Lom-tere d' Amerigo Vespucci, 1745. bardy into the hands of the emperor, compelled Bandello to fly; his house at Milan was burnt and his property confiscated. He took refuge with Cesar Fregoso, an Italian general in the French service, whom he accompanied into France. In 1550 he was raised to the bishopric of Agen, a town in which he resided for many years before his death in 1562. Bandello wrote a number of poems, but his fame rests entirely upon his extensive collection of Novelle, or tales, which have been extremely popular. They belong to that species of literature of which Boccaccio's Decameron and the queen of Navarre's Heptameron are, perhaps, the best-known examples. The common origin of them all is to be found in the old Fabliaux of the French Trouveurs, though some well-known tales are evidently Eastern, and others classical. Bandello's novels are esteemed the best of those written in imitation of the Decameron, though Italian critics find fault with them for negligence and inelegance of style. They have little value in a purely literary point of view, and many of them are disfigured by the grossest obscenity. Historically, however, they are of no little interest, not only from the insight into the social life of the period which they afford, but from the important influence they exercised on the Elizabethan drama. The stories, on which Shakespeare based several of his plays, were supplied by Bandello, probably through Belleforest or Paynter (see Simrock, Quellen des Shakespeare). The same is true of Massinger, Beaumont and Fletcher, and others. The most convenient edition of Bandello is that in 9 vols., 1813.

BANDINELLI, BARTOLOMMEO, or BACCIO, a Florentine sculptor, was born in 1487, and died 1559. His father was an eminent goldsmith, distinguished for his exquisite designs in chasing gold and silver ornaments; and in this domestic school Bandinelli obtained the first elements of drawing. Showing a strong inclination for the fine arts, he was early placed under Rustici, a sculptor, and a friend of Leonardo da Vinci, with whom he made rapid progress. The ruling motive in his life seems to have been jealousy of Michel Angelo, one of whose cartoons he is said to have torn up and destroyed. Vasari, who gives a very full history of his life, manifests the greatest dislike for his moral character, but at the same time gives him the highest praise as an artist. He is regarded by some as inferior in sculpture only to his great rival, Michel Angelo; at all events, his productions entitle him to a very high place among Italian sculptors. His best works are the marble colossal group of Hercules and Cacus in the Piazza del Gran Duca; his group of Adam and Eve; his exquisite bassi-rilievi in the choir of the cathedral of Florence; his copy of the Laocoon; and the figures of Christ and Nicodemus on his own tomb. (See Vasari, Lives, iii. 232–296.) BANDINI, ANGELO MARIA, an Ítalian author, was born at Florence on the 25th Sept., 1726. Having been left an orphan in his infancy, he was supported by his uncle, Joseph Bandini, a lawyer of some note. He received his education among the Jesuits, and showed a special inclination for the study of antiquities. His first work was a dissertation, De Veterum Saltationibus, published in 1749. In 1747 he undertook a journey to Vienna, in company

BANFF, county town of Banffshire, Scotland, is a place of great antiquity; according to tradition, it was at times the residence of Malcolm Čanmore. It was visited by David I. and his son Henry; and there is a charter of Malcolm IV., signed at Banff the eleventh year of his reign, which corresponds with 1163. The church was given to the monastery of Arbroath by William the Lion, and a convent of Carmelite or White Friars is mentioned in a charter by Robert I., 1324. The town is said to have lost many of its ancient grants, but these, it is added, were renewed in 1324 by King Robert the Bruce, and in 1372 by Robert II. The natural situation of the town is beautiful, having its south-eastern exposure on a gentle slope, the wide blue sea on its N., the River Deveron on the E., and on the S. the richly-wooded country with the magnificent mansion and grounds of the earl of Fife. The streets are well and regularly built and paved, and are remarkable for their cleanliness. The principal buildings are Banff Castle, a plain modern building, belonging to the earl of Seafield, erected upon the site of an old castle, in which Archbishop Sharp was born: the county court buildings; the town-house, surmounted by a spire 100 feet high; a prison; parish church, Episcopal church and parsonage, Free Church, United Presbyterian, Independent, Methodist, and Roman Catholic places of worship; Chalmers' Hospital; a mason lodge, of tasteful architecture, the academy, a modern edifice of Grecian design, capable of containing 600 scholars, to which there is attached an extensive museum. There are large and well-conducted seminaries for young ladies, also several libraries, a clubroom, branch banks and a savings-bank, public baths, hotels, custom-house, gas and water works, &c. The Banffshire Journal, a weekly newspaper, with an extensive circulation, is published on Tuesdays. At one period Banff carried on a considerable manufactory of stockings and linen yarn. A branch of the great North of Scotland Railway, which leaves Inveramsay Junction and termi nates at Macduff, is the direct communication from Aberdeen, and has a station at Bridge of Banff. Another line of railway, which has its terminus at the harbor of Banff, runs in connection with Portsoy, and joins the Great North of Scotland Railway at Grange, near Keith. The principal exports are grain, cattle, salmon, herrings, haddocks, pork, butter, and potatoes. The river fishing is the property of the earl of Fife, with a sea-line extending a considerable distance on each side of the river mouth. The burgh is

1872-73, at a total cost of £2756. Bangalore commands the province of Mysore from a military point of view. The elevation of the district on which it stands renders it healthy for English troops; and a large European and Native force is quartered at the military cantonment the Native force in 1872-73 consisting of six regiments of cavalry, numbering 2095 officers and men, and four regiments of infantry, numbering 2149 officers and men. The principal institution of the town is the Bangalore High School or Central College for the province, attended by between four and five hundred pupils. The average annual charge of educating each pupil in 1872-73 was £3, 4s. 6d., of which £2, 38. 9d. was contributed by the state. Mr. Thornton thus writes regarding the history of the town:

large quantities of lime bone-dust, and guano, are annually imported. The ridges are all straight; and the fields, at least many of them, are enclosed with stone dykes or other fences. The swamps and wet grounds have also been drained and cultivated, so as to effect a total revolution in the ancient modes of agriculture within the county. The cattle and stock hold a high character; and there are several herds of pure short-horns and pure polled Aberdeenshire cattle maintained in the county. This district was much indebted to one of the earls of Findlater, who, as early as the year 1754, not only introduced and exemplified, on some of his own farms, the most approved practices then known in England, but held out liberal encouragement to his tenants to follow his example. His descendants, the earls of Seafield, have also done much to improve the family estates, adding to them many thousands of acres of arable land; and it may be said with truth that one of the earls was the greatest planter of trees in Great Britain within the present century. In 1846 this nobleman received the honorary gold medal of the High-ful occupation of a farmer he added that of a warrior, and his land and Agricultural Society of Scotland, for his vast and thriving plantations of useful timber trees, in the counties of Banff, Moray, and Nairn. From the year 1811 to 1845, he had planted 18,938,224 Scotch firs, 11,904,798 larches, 843,450 hardwoods; making the enormous aggregate of 31,686,472 forest trees, planted in 8223 acres of enclosed ground.

This county also owes much to the earls of Fife, by whose generous efforts and taste for improvement a vast amount has been done in planting and reclaiming land, by favorable leases to the tenantry, and allowances for draining, &c. Latterly, improvement has been promoted by agricultural associations, annual premiums being given for the best specimens of live stock and the best productions of the soil. The Banffshire Agricultural Association has two shows yearly for all sorts of stock and produce and agricultural implements, with premiums for superiority in various breeds of cattle, poultry, &c. The valued rental of the county is now upwards of £224,250 sterling.

The manufactures of Banffshire are very unimportant, the inhabitants being principally engaged in agriculture and the rearing of cattle. The salmon-fishery is actively prosecuted on the rivers, and herring and other fisheries on the coast. Distilling is largely carried on in Glenlivet and other places; and there is a woollen factory at Keith.

Banffshire was the scene of many bloody conflicts between the Scots and their Danish invaders. From 1624 to 1645 it was the theatre of almost incessant struggles, and the Covenanting troubles of that period, combined with the frequent conflicts of the clans, were productive of serious evils. Several remains of antiquity are pointed out in different parts of the country, such as the sculptured stone at Mortlach, and the churches of Cullen and Fordyce. Ruins of castles and traces of encampments are often to be met with, and a great number of cairns and tumuli are also found. Among the distinguished men whom Banffshire has produced, the following may be mentioned: Archbishop Sharp of St. Andrew's; George Baird, distinguished for his services as sheriff of the county during | the time of the Covenanters; Thomas Ruddiman, the grammarian; Walter Goodall, the defender of Mary Queen of Scots; Dr. Alexander Geddes; and James Ferguson, the astronomer. The population of the county in 1861 and in 1871 was as follows:

HOUSES.

Inhab. Uninhab. Building. 1861, 11,091 318 92 1871, 11,603 370 80

PERSONS.

Male. Female. Total. 28,000 31,215 59,215 29,367 32,656 62,023 See Robertson's Collections for a History of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, Spalding Club; Shaw's History of the Province of Moray; Cordiner's Antiquities of the North of

Scotland; and various statistical accounts of Banffshire.

BANGALORE, the administrative capital and most important town of the chief commissionership' of Mysore, also a large military cantonment, situated in 12° 58′ N. lat., and 77° 38′ E. long. In 1872 the total population of the Bangalore municipality amounted to 191,300; municipal income in 1872-73, £19,090; expenditure, £17,496; average rate of taxation, 2s. per head of the population. For the protection of the town, a municipal police, consisting of 22 officers and 124 men, was maintained in 1 [Made a native state in 1881.

The foundation of the present fort was laid by a descendant of Kempe-Goud, a husbandman of the neighboring country, who, probably in the 16th century, had left his native village to avoid the tyranny of the wadeyar of that place, and settled on a spot a few miles to the north of Bangalore. To the peacefirst exploit was the conquest of this place, where, and at Savendrug, his family subsequently erected fortresses. Bangalore, with other possessions, was, however, wrested from them by Bijapur. Somewhat later we find it enumerated among the jagers of Shahjí, father of Sivaji, the founder of the Marhattá sway; and at an early period of his career in the service of the Bijapur state, that adventurer seemed to have fixed his residence there. It appears to have passed into the possession of Venkojí, one of the sons of Sháhjí; but he having occupied Tanjor, deemed Bangalore too distant, especially under the circumstances of the times, to be safe. He accordingly, in 1687, entered into a bargain for its sale to Chik Deo, Raja of Mysore, for three lacs of rupees; but before it could be completed, Kasim Khán, commander of the forces of Aurangzeb, marched upon the place, and entered it almost without resistance. This event, however, had no other result than to transfer the stipulated price from one vendor to another; for that general, not coveting the possession, immediately delivered it over to Chik Deo on payment of the three lacs. In 1758, Nanjiráj, the powerful minister of the Rájá, caused Bangalore to be granted, as a jágir or fief, to Haidar Alí, afterwards usurper of Mysore, who greatly enlarged and strengthened the fort, which, in 1760, on his expulsion from Seringapatam, served as his refuge from destruction. In 1791 it was stormed by a British army commanded by Lord Cornwallis.

The subsequent history of Bangalore belongs to the general events of Mysore, the province of which it forms the political capital. Bangalore is now one of the handsomest English stations in India, with noble public buildings, spacious and artistically laid out gardens, broad smooth roads, well-supervised bazaars, and a good water supply. The markets display almost every sort of English and Indian fruit or vegetable. Bangalore forms the residence of the chief commissioner of Mysore and the principal officers of his administration, and is well worthy of its place as the political and military capital of the province.

BANGKOK, a city of Siam, which was raised to the rank of capital in 1769. It is situated on both sides of the river Menam, about 20 miles from the sea, in lat. 13° 38′ N. and long. 100° 34′ E. The river is navigable to the city for vessels of 350 tons, but there is a bar at its mouth, which at the lowest ebbs has only six feet of water, and at no time has more than fourteen. The general appearance of Bangkok is very striking, alike from its extent, the strange architecture of its more important buildings, and the luxuriant greenness of the trees with which it is profusely interspersed. The streets are in many cases traversed by canals, and the houses raised on piles, while a large part of the population dwell in floating houses moored along the river sides in tiers three or four deep. The nucleus of the city on the eastern bank is surrounded by a wall 30 feet high, and 10 or 12 feet thick, relieved by numerous towers and bastions; but the rest of the city stretches irregularly for full seven miles along each side of the river, and in some places attains nearly as great a breadth-the Menam itself being about a quarter of a mile across. All the ordinary buildings are composed of wood or bamboo work; but the temples and palaces are of more solid construction, and are gorgeously ornamented. The spires, and in some cases the whole edifices, are covered with gilding, or many-colored mosaic of the most grotesque description, while the roofs are adorned with fantastic ridges and gables. In all there are upwards of a hundred temples in the city and suburbs. The palace of the "First King” See Vol. XVII., p. 131.—AM. ED.]