the borders of the church, restraining the progress of vice, for the correction of manners, the planting of virtue, and the increase of religion." It empowered Henry to "enter Ireland and execute therein whatever shall pertain to the honour of God and the welfare of the land." It enjoined the people to "receive him honourably and reverence him as their lord; the rights of their churches still remaining inviolate." It bound Henry and his successors to pay to the pope one penny annually for each house in the country. It concluded by exhorting Henry to fulfil his mission for the good of Ireland, that he "might be entitled to the fulness of eternal reward from God, and obtain a glorious crown on earth throughout all ages." This bull from Adrian was variously confirmed by his successors on the papal throne.

Henry was too much occupied otherwise to act upon this bull at once. In the mean time, preparations were being made for his success, and no doubt the connection which had existed between Dublin and Canterbury favoured his interests among the Danes in the former city. In 1162, Dermod, king of Leinster, brought these Danes and their king under his own power. Five years afterwards, O'Connor, king of Ireland, made war on Dermod and the Danes. Dermod, reduced to extremity, applied to the king of England for aid to regain his territories. Henry issued warrants to his subjects commanding them to furnish Dermod with supplies. The principal person who espoused his cause was

the earl of Pembroke, surnamed "Strongbow' from his power in archery. To engage this lord in his interest, the king of Leinster promised him his daughter in marriage and his crown in reversion. Strongbow came accordingly, and Dermod recovered his lost possessions, made himself master of Dublin, and appointed Miles de Cogan, an English adventurer, commander of the place. Dermod died in 1171, and Strongbow became king of Leinster, including its metropolis, Dublin. Henry hearing of his success became jealous; but the earl visited England, and appeased Henry's wrath by consenting to surrender Dublin to him, and to hold the province under him as liege-lord.

In October, 1172, Henry himself crossed the channel from Milford to Waterford, with a fleet of two hundred and forty vessels, bringing with him many of his court and nobility, four hundred knights or men-at-arms, and four thousand soldiers. On landing, he received the submission of the English settlers; Strongbow did homage to him for the crown of Leinster; and, in his progress towards Dublin, many of the Irish princes offered him their allegiance. At Dublin, Strongbow formally ceded the city to him, and he appointed Hugh de Lacy its governor, who bore the titles of bailiff, seneschal, and guardian or custos; under the Danes, its chief magistrate had been called "Mor Maer,' Great Steward. Henry then went southward, and attended an ecclesiastical council at Cashel, wherein all matters affecting the Irish churches

his claim over Ireland, he concludes with giving directions to Tirdelvac, etc., to refer to him whatever affairs the settling of which may require his assistance." Thus did the pope's temporal power over nations and their rulers come in, as it were by stealth, behind his spiritual power. And as it was in the days of Hildebrand, so it is in those of Pio Nono.

Usher, in his "Religion of the Ancient Irish," gives the following letter from Henry L of England to his primate, ordering the consecration of a Dublin bishop, in 1121:-"Henry, king of England, to Ralph, archbishop of Canterbury, greeting. The king of Ireland hath intimated unto me by his writ, and the burgesses of Dublin, that they have chosen. this Gregory for their bishop, and send him unto you to be consecrated. Wherefore, I wish you, that satisfying their requests, you perform his consecration without delay. WitnessRanulph our chancellor at Windsor." Usher writes that "all the burgesses of Dublin likewise, and the whole assembly of the clergy, directed their joint letters to the archbishop of Canterbury the same time; wherein, among other things, they write thus:-'Know you for verity that the bishops of Ireland have great indignation towards us, and that bishop most of all that dwelleth at Armagh; because we will not obey their ordination, but will always be under your government.'" Hence it appears what an opposition existed between the Irish and Romanist ecclesiastics of the country.

The expression used by the Dublin burgesses and clergy is even stronger than Usher has rendered it," maximum zelum erga nos,” ""the greatest indignation towards us." The "indignation" was not less in the Romanists against the Irish. There were essential ecclesiastical differences between the two. The Irish churches were self-governed; owning no subjection to the pope. They freely followed each its own mode of worship; none of them used the Roman. Each church had its bishop; so much so that Roman divines censured Ireland for its "paganism" in having as many bishops as churches. The Irish clergy were not bound to celibacy, for among rules given for their style of dress one is, that their wives should have their heads veiled when they walk abroad. The Irish churches were charged by Romanists with not observing due order in ordaining bishops; in England, indeed, and on the Continent, the ministry of Irish-ordained clergy was often disallowed. The Roman laws with regard to matrimony, the use of chrism in baptism, and the observance of Easter, were not recognised by the Irish Christians.

These

differences gave rise to strong contentions when the parties came in contact elsewhere; and no doubt the bishops of Ireland looked upon the bishop of Dublin placing himself in the position of a suffragan to Canterbury, instead of being in fellowship with themselves, as the inhabitants of a besieged city would on a person who sought to open its gates to the foe.

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were arranged according to the will of the Roman pontiff. On returning to the metropolis, he gave the laws of England to his Irish subjects, held a parliament, and established courts of Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, and Exchequer, on the model of those in London. Henry spent his Christmas in Dublin, with truly royal feasting and splendour. being no place in the city large enough for his use, he "caused to be erected a royal palace, framed artificially of wattles, according to the custom of the country," on a spot outside the walls, where Dame-lane enters George's-street. This palace "was a long pavilion, like a cabin, which being well furnished with plate, household stuff, and good cheer, made a better appearance than ever had been before seen in Ireland. Many of the Irish princes flocked thither to pay their duty to the king, not without admiration and applause of his magnificence." His object herein was to establish his power in the country by attaching the chiefs and people to himself, giving proofs of his goodwill towards them in order to secure theirs in return. Before his departure, at Easter, he granted the city of Dublin to the people of Bristol; "Wherefore," says the charter, "I will and firmly command that they do inhabit it, and hold it of me and of my heirs, well and in peace, freely and quietly, fully, and amply, and honourably, with all liberties and free customs which the men of Bristol have at Bristol and through my whole land."