reading. An abbreviated designation has been used to distinguish original notes. The fac-simile of Governor TROUP's signature, which accompanies the engraved likeness, is taken from a letter written in 1811. Some years later, and down to the period of his death, he usually, if not uniformly, employed only the initial letters of his given name. To the many friends who have generously aided in the work, this occasion is taken to return sincere thanks; but these are especially due to Major W. J. MCINTOSH, Hon. JOHN C. NICOLL, I. K. TEFFT, Esq., Dr. W. C. DANIELL, J. HAMILTON COUPER, Esq., Col. JAMES HUNTER, G. B. CUMMING, Esq., THOMAS M. FORMAN, Esq., Hon. JOSEPH HENRY LUMPKIN, Governor Brown, R. B. HILTON, Esq., IVERSON L. HARRIS, Esq., Dr. JOHN G. SLAPPEY, STEPHEN F. MILLER, W. S. DANIELL and JOHN S. BRYAN, Esquires. The work itself will show a part of the indebtedness to Major MCINTOSH, Dr. DANIELL, Mr. COUPER and Judge LUMPKIN; Dr. DANIELL having (besides other favors,) furnished about a hundred letters to himself from Governor TROUP, extending from 1825 to 1856; some of which will be found in succeeding pages. The earlier letters from Governor TROUP; were furnished by Mr. TEFFT, whose assistance has been otherwise invaluable, and from whom, as well as Judge NICOLL, important information has been derived. To Mr. HILTON, acknowledg ments are due, for full files of the Georgia Journal from 1823 to 1827; to Gen. G. P. HARRISON and HENRY WILLIAMS, Esq., for valuable documents; to J. R. SNEED, Esq., for access to the files of the Savannah Republican; and to THE GEORGIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, for the free use of its library and papers. Savannah, 21st October, 1859. NOTE.-The intelligent reader will not fail to correct small typographical errors. On page 190, fourth line from the bottom, for "after,” read " during"; and on page 299, ninth line from the top, for "yourself," read "yourselves.” TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Birth-Parentage-His Boyhood-Academic, Collegiate and Legal Education- CHAPTER II. Early Career as a public man-Election to Congress-Political Relations-Traits CHAPTER III. State of the Country-Foreign Relations-Meeting of Congress in 1807-Em- bargo-Mr. Troup's Speeches-Letter to Mr. Harris, and to Gov. Mitchell-Army Bill- CHAPTER IV. Yazoo Fraud-Its history-Claims growing out of it, before Congress-Speech of Mr. Randolph-Mr. Troup's Course and Speeches on that subject-Settlement of CHAPTER V. Re-election to Congress-Mr. Madison's Presidential term--State of Foreign Relations-Preparations for War--Mr. Troup's Speeches and Letters-Non-intercourse--- CHAPTER VI. Re-election to Congress, in 1810-Congress Convened by the President-Threat- ening posture of Foreign Relations-Mr. Troup advocates strong measures-Letters to Gov. Mitchell-Specches on Enlistment and the Militia--Declaration of war-Speeches on En- listment of minors, and on Army Bill-Defences of the Country..... CHAPTER VII. Re-election to Congress, in 1812-Appointed Chairman of Military Committee CHAPTER VIII. Election to U. S. Senate, over Dr. Bibb---Course in that Body--African Slave Trade "Concert"-Mr. Troup's Speeches thereon-Resignation--State of Parties in Georgia -William H. Crawford-Gov. Clark--Col. Troup a candidate for Governor-Defeated in 1819, and again in 1821-Elected Governor in 1823, by the Legislature--Internal Improve- CHAPTER IX. Beginning of Indian Difficulties--Cherokee Controversy--Correspondence on that subject--Federal Relations-Slavery Agitation by Ohio Legislature--First Annual Mes- sage of Gov. Troup-Election of Governor given to the People-Commissioners appointed to treat with the Creeks--Governor requested to receive LaFayette, &c., &c............194--253 CHAPTER X. Treaty concluded with the Creek Indians--Disturbances growing out of it- Precautions of the Governor-Murder of McIntosh and others--Governor's Reception of LaFayette-Extra Session of the Legislature-Govornor's Message-Recommendations-- Views on Slavery Question-Governor Troup, Judgo Berrien and Mr. Wirt--Proceedings of the Legislature--Major Andrews and General Gainos at Milledgeville-Governor's corres- pondence with them and the Government at Washington, begun, &c.--Case of the Indian CHAPTER XI. Canvass for Governor, in 1825--Gov. Troup and Gen. Clark rival candidates-- Political Excitement--Indian Difficulties continued--Gen. Gaines and Major Andrews-- Governor forbids intercourse with them--Complains to the President, and demands arrest and trial of Gen. Gaines-U. S. Government objects to survey of Creek lands, &c. &c.-- Acrimony of Gubernatorial contest--Governor Troup elected by the People--Meeting of Legislature--Annual Message of 1825--Proceedings of Legislature, &c., &c.........334--424. CHAPTER XII. Now treaty concluded at Washington, with the Creek Indians-Difficulties, debates and correspondence growing out of it--More trouble with the Cherokees--Position and firmness of Governor Troup and the Georgia Delegation--Letter to Dr. Daniell--Gov. pronounces a eulogium on Jefferson and Adams-Dinner at Indian Springs-Survey of land ceded by the old Treaty-Threatened Interruption of the Surveyors-Meeting of the Legisla- ture-Governor's Message--Legislative action-Events of 1827--Threatening posture of CHAPTER XIII. Retirement of Gov. Troup from the Executive Chair-His last Annual Mes- sage-Declines a public Entertainment at Milledgeville, and a public Dinner at Savannah- Election to the U. S. Senate, in 1828-Course in Congress--Political opinions, &c.-His Resignation, and final retirement from public life......... CHAPTER XIV. Gov. Troup in retirement--Nominated, by State Rights men, for the Presidency --Political opinions, and views on various subjects-State sovereignty-United States Bank and Independent Treasury-Course in Presidential contest of 1840--Is opposed to admission of California, and "Compromise" measures of 1850-Elected a Delegate to the Nashville Con- vention--Nominated for the Presidency, by Southern Rights Convention in Alabama- Political and private correspondence--Decline in health; last sickness, and Death--Public testimonials to his worth-Summary of his character--Conclusion................520-536.` APPENDIX. Letter to Major Howard, on State interposition and sovereignty-Letter to Major LIFE OF GEORGE M. TROUP. CHAPTER I. Birth, Parentage, Education, and First Appearance in Public Life. By the Charter of the Province, the boundaries of Georgia included all that territory "which lies from the most northern part of a stream, or river there, commonly called the Savannah, all along the seacoast to the southward, to the southern stream of a certain other great water or river, called the Alatamaha, and westwardly from the heads of the said rivers respectively, in direct lines to the South seas; and all that share, circuit and precinct of land, within the said boundaries, with the islands on the sea, lying opposite to the eastern coast of the said lands, within twenty leagues of the same, which are not inhabited already, or settled by any authority derived from the Crown of Great Britain," &c. By a royal proclamation, dated the seventh day of October, 1763, "all the lands lying between the rivers Alatamaha and St. Mary's," were added to the province of Georgia. It is hardly necessary to remark that the term "South seas" conveyed no definite idea of the western boundary of the province, or that the claim under that description never extended, practically, to the west of the Mississippi river. Accordingly, we find that, by the fourth article of the Treaty between the United States and Spain, dated the 27th October, 1795, "it is likewise agreed that the western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the The Pacific Ocean was originally called the South Sea.-ED. channel or bed of the river Mississippi, from the northern boundary of the said States to the completion of the thirtyfirst degree of latitude north of the equator." And by the Constitution of the State of Georgia, adopted the 30th day of May, 1798, the boundaries of the State were set out as follows: "that is to say, the limits, boundaries, jurisdiction and authority, of the State of Georgia, do and did, and of right ought to extend from the sea, or the mouth of the river Savannah, along the northern branch or stream thereof, to the fork or confluence of the rivers now called Tugalo and Keowee, and from thence along the most northern branch or stream of the said river Tugalo, till it intersects the northern boundary line of South Carolina, if the said branch or stream of Tugalo extends so far north, reserving all the islands in the said rivers Savannah and Tugalo to Georgia; but if the head-spring or source of any branch or stream of the said river Tugalo does not extend to the northern boundary line of South Carolina, then a west line to the Mississippi to be drawn from the headspring or source of the said branch or stream of Tugalo river, which extends to the highest northern latitude; thence down the middle of the said river Mississippi until it shall intersect the northernmost part of the thirty-first degree of north latitude; south by a line drawn due east from the termination of the line last mentioned, in the latitude of thirty-one degrees north of the equator, to the middle of the river Apalachicola or Chattahoochee; thence along the middle thereof to its junction with Flint river, thence straight to the head of St. Mary's river, and thence along the middle of St. Mary's river to the Atlantic ocean; and from thence to the mouth or inlet of Savannah river, the place of beginning; including and comprehending all the lands and waters within the said limits, boundaries and jurisdictional rights; and also all the islands within twenty leagues of the seacoast." At the time of Gov. Troup's birth, 8th September, 1780, all the country west of the present western boundary of Georgia (except a small portion of West Florida,) and |