Dr. Kane's polar expeditions, and succeeded in condensing juices so as to retain all that constitutes the peculiar value of the fruit from which they were made. Mr. Borden made liberal use of the great wealth which he had acquired. In person, he was tall and spare. His temperament was nervous, and his enthusiasm unbounded. With keen, critical and appreciative powers of observation, his habits were active, and his faculty of adapting means to ends most remarkable. His varied career, with its disappointments, trials, and successes, had given him a fund of anecdotes and reminiscences ready at call and freely used. BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO Brazil), the only empire in the New World, a vast country of South America, extending from latitude 4° 30′ north to 33° south, and from longitude 35° to 73° west. Its boundaries are as follows: North, the United States of Colombia, Venezuela, British, French, and Dutch Guiana, and the Atlantic Ocean; east, the ocean just named; south, Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, and Paraguay; and west, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The territory of the empire is divided into twenty provinces and one municipio neutro (neutral municipality), which with the population and capital of each, as published in the official returns of the Minister of the Interior in 1874, are as follows: By comparing this table with that published in the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872, a difference of 248,041 will be observed, which can scarcely be attributed to an absolute growth of population, but is more probably due to discordant estimates made at different times. It appears evident, nevertheless, that the number of inhabitants is sensibly larger now in Alagoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro, than it was in 1872; but the apparent diminution of 36,000 in Matto Grosso and of 176,000 in the Municipio Neutro can only be satisfactorily accounted for in the way already suggested. A like observation may be made concerning the area of the empire, which, in the report cited above is set down at 12,676,744 square kilometres, or 4,855,885 square miles. There are in the empire 209 cities, 433 towns, and 1,473 parishes. The government consists of a constitutional and hereditary monarchy, based upon the fundamental law of March 25, 1824, modified by amendments bearing date August 12, 1834, and May 12, 1840. Emperor, Dom Pedro II., born December 2, 1825; proclaimed April 7, 1831 (regency from the last date to July 23, 1840); crowned July 18, 1841; and married September 4, 1843, to Theresa Christina Maria, daughter of the late king Francis I. of the Two Sicilies. The Minister of the Interior is Dr. J. A. Corrêa de Oliveira, Deputy; Minister of Justice, Dr. M. A. Duarte de Azevedo, Deputy; Foreign Affairs, Viscount de Caravellas, Councillor of State; War, J. J. de O. Tungueira, Deputy; Navy, J. D. Ribeiro da Luz, Senator; Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, J. P. da Costa Sereiva, Jr., Deputy; and Finance, Viscount do Rio Branco, President of the Council of State and of the Tribunal of the National Treasury. The Council of State is composed of the following members in ordinary: Viscount do Rio Branco, President; Princess Imperial Donna Izabel; Prince Gaston d'Orléans, Count d'Eu; Senators, Viscount d'Abaeté; Marquis Sapucahy; Viscount B. de Souza Franco; Marquis of São Vicente; J. T. Nabuce d'Aranjo; Viscount de Muritiba; and of the seven members extraordinary: Viscount Inhomirim; Viscount de Bom Retiro; Viscount Jaguary; Viscount de Caravellas; Duke de Caixas; Viscount de Nictheroy, Senators; and Viscount d'Araxá. The President of the Senate, which is composed of 58 members elected for life, is Viscount Jaguary; Vice-President, Viscount de Camaragibe. The Chamber of Deputies consists of 122 members, elected for four years. The President is Councillor M. P. Corrêa; Councillor A. J. Henriques; J. P. M. Portella; A. G. de Paula Fonseca. The provinces are administered by presidents, aided by legislative assemblies. They are enumerated in the following list: The Archbishop of Bahia is the Primate of Brazil, and there are 11 bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá. The Supreme Court of Justice (at Rio de Janeiro) is composed of a president, a councillor, and 17 members. The eleven Courts of Appeals throughout the empire have each a president; that of Rio de Janeiro has 17 members; that of Bahia, 11; that of Pernambuco, 15; those of Maranhão, Pará, Ceará, Minas Geraes, São Paulo, and São Pedro do Sul, 7 each; and those of Matto Grosso and Goyaz, 5 each. There is a Tribunal of Commerce at Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Maranhão; and a Supreme Tribunal of War and Justice at Rio de Janeiro, the president of which is the Emperor. productive portions of the empire are almost entirely comprised within the tropics. The value of the coffee-exports alone for the year 1872-'73 surpassed by more than twentyfive per cent. that of the entire exports from the Argentine Republic in the same period. Of the whole coffee-crop nothing need be said, nor could any remarks thereupon enhance the eloquence of the figures just given. Cotton statistics are no less surprising than those of coffee, the exports of that article having been so prodigiously extended since 1860 as to rank, at the present time, second only to those of the United States. In the following table are exhibited the total exports from Brazil during the triennium 1870'73, and the value of each of the principal commodities: COMMODITIES. Coffee.... Cotton. Hides.. The army in time of peace comprises a special corps of 401 men; twenty-one battalions of infantry, 10,259 strong; five regiments of horse, 2,495 strong; and three regiments and Sugar.. one battalion of artillery, with one battalion of engineers, 3,381. Total strength of the army, 16,536. The Brazilian army of occupation in Diamonds.. Paraguay is made up as follows: Special corps, 21 men; infantry, 1,326; horse, 274; and artillery, 776; making in all, 2,397 men. India-rubber Rum... Timber.. Gold.. By virtue of a new law, the strength of the Brazil-nuts.. army in time of war is to be 32,000. The National Guard was disbanded, to be organized anew after the census has been completed. The police force comprises 6,476 men, of whom 483 were in Rio de Janeiro. The present naval force of the empire is as follows: 17 iron-clad steamers, 9 steam corvettes, 24 steam gunboats, 6 steam transports, and 4 sail-of-the-line-the total armament being 218 guns, and the total horsepower of the steamers, 7,217. There are besides one school-ship and a brig for midshipmen, both without armament; and also 2 steam iron-clads, 2 steam corvettes, and 1 transport, in process of construction. There are in the navy 15 general staff-officers, 418 first and 152 second class officers, a sanitary corps of 67 men, 27 almoners, 215 accountants, 223 cabin boys, etc., 42 engineers, 2,897 imperial marines, a naval battalion of 945, and 961 apprentices: total strength of the navy, 5,962 men. From the foregoing remarks it has been observed that the whole of the Brazilian troops have not yet been withdrawn from Paraguay, nor will they completely evacuate the territory of that republic until the pending question of boundaries shall have been settled between the Governments of Ascencion and Buenos Ayres. The constant and progressive increase in the foreign commerce of Brazil, notwithstanding the multifarious circumstances which not only militate against, but seem to threaten to impede its development, can only be attributed to a patient and ambitious energy on the part of her agriculturists-an energy as surprising as it is real, if it be remembered that the most Total..... $83,234,993 $95,261,268 $107,310,868 The general increase resulting from the foregoing figures may be summarized as follows: Increase in 1871-72, as compared with 1870-71, $12,026,273 "1872-73, 1871-72, 12.049.600 1872-'78, 1870-'71, 24,075.875 fifty per cent. larger than those of Pernambuco, and double those of Bahia. The great Brazilian staple of export, as is seen by the first table, is coffee, of which 276,$35,873 lbs. were shipped in 1870-'71; 301,347,796 lbs. in 1871-'72; and 461,510,836 lbs. in 1872-73. Of the quantity shipped in 187273, no less than 379,389,553 lbs. were from Rio de Janeiro, or about one-third more than the total exports for the whole empire in 1870'71. After coffee the two most important commodities of export are cotton and sugar, both of which are most extensively shipped from Pernambuco, although the province of Bahia likewise sends large quantities of sugar to foreign countries. The total shipments of these two articles from all the ports of the empire in the three years already referred to were as follows: ARTICLES. 1870–71. 1871-79. 1872–78. Pounds. Total. Cotton.... 102,342,781 183,795,297 98,159,742 383,297,810 ENTERED CLEARED The average price of the cotton of the foregoing table was rather less than 13 cents per lb., and that of the sugar somewhat over 31 cents per lb. Next in importance are hides, the value of the exports of which in 1872-73 was $7,443,023, the province of Rio Grande do Sul alone standing for $5,037,316. Immediately after, and almost coördinate with, hides is India-rubber, of the total value of the exports of which-$5,032,883-the province of Pará furnished rather more than nine-tenths, or $4,864,023. Foremost among the tobacco-producing provinces stands Bahia, the value of the quantity shipped therefrom in the triennium 1870-'73 having averaged $2,500,000, while the total exports from all the provinces in the same period did not reach a mean value of $3,500,000. The value of the imports for the year 1872'73 reached $75,500,000. The shipping movements at the various ports of the empire, in the year 1872-'73, were as follows. At the end of 1873, there were in Brazil 715 miles of railway in operation,* and 3,319 miles of telegraph. The submarine telegraph from Pará to Rio de Janeiro, touching at Pernambuco and Bahia, was successfully laid, and was opened to the public service on December 23, 1873. The completion of this line extends telegraphic communication over an extent of 2,300 miles on the Brazilian coast. Receipts extraordinary. Slave liberation fund... The submarine cable between Lisbon, Madeira, St. Vincent, and Brazil, was opened for service in June, and the cable between Rio Grande do Sul and Montevideo was inaugurated Sundries.... on August 7, thus placing Brazil, the Plate Provinces, and Chili, in telegraphic communication with the Eastern Hemisphere. The number of letters which passed through the post-office in 1872-74 was 12,059,681, of which 6,502,684 by way of Rio de Janeiro. The growth of the national revenue is prodigious. On the accession of the present Emperor in 1832, the entire income of the empire did not exceed $5,500,000; by 1864 it had more than quintupled; and in 1871, though comparatively low-$48,994,892-as compared with the year preceding-$49,708,46-still showed an increase almost tenfold. The chief source of the revenue is the import and export duties, especially the former, which usually amount to more than one-half of the total income. The following tables show the items of the national finances for the year 1871-'72: For the names and particulars of the lines, see the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1872 and 1873. VOL. XIV.-7 A Total Total revenue.. Amount of estimated revenue for same year* EXPENDITURE. Surplus........ Ministry of Justice.. Ministry of Finance.. $29,299.792 250,230 8,614,676 58.078 2,443.303 393,346 58.580 1,745,404 1,900,388 1,525,855 721,551 19.737 1.203.436 1,399.589 525,093 252,916 1,066,059 1,092,144 $52,570.157 10,174,908 2,141,261 $64,886.326 52,324,920 $12,561,406 $400,000 257,500 368.780 471,427 442.959 572,434 $2,513.100 1,890.284 Estimated expenditure for same yeart.... See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1873. 417,996 7,589,935 7,765.609 19,701,355 10,912,107 $50,790,386 59,952,181 $9,161,795 + Ibid. Bank-notes (January 31, February 28, and March 31)... $74,773,315 The debt of the Argentine Republic to the empire, reduced to $10,308 in December, 1873, was paid off in June; while that of Uruguay amounted, with interest, to £1,245,092. The chief banks in the empire, eighteen in number, are, with their capitals, etc., in 1872, enumerated in the following table: BANKS. Bank of Brazil.. London & Brazilian.. 16,774,062 English $91,547,377 Rural.. Commercial... Campos... Bahia. The customs receipts for the whole empire in 1872-73 amounted to $40,705,708, being an increase of $1,567,962, as compared with the years 1871-'72. The custom-house of Rio de Janeiro alone yielded no less than $19,358,792, against $17,448,679 in the previous year. All kinds of machinery going into the empire are now free of duty, as are, likewise, the following articles: live trees, shrubs, and plants, of whatever species they may be; sods, roots, bulbs, and in general every thing useful in horticulture and agriculture. Mr. Partridge, the United States minister to Brazil, had several conferences with the Minister of Foreign Affairs on the subject of duties on American products, representing how desirable it would be to have these relieved of all imposts, as was Brazilian coffee at American ports. But when the new tariff was published (March 31st), the only article on which the duty had been even lightened was found to be kerosene, which is extensively imported. Flour is subject to a duty of 54 cents per barrel; lumber, to about $7 per 1,000 feet; turpentine Bahia Reserve.. Maranhão... Maranhão Commerc'h Pará Commercial.. Rio Grande do Sul... Capital. Remarks. $16.500,000 Emission, $20,000,000. 7,500,000 Branches at Bahia, etc. 5,000,000 Branches at Bahia, etc. 4,000,000 Deposits, $10,000,000. 6,000,000 One-sixth paid up. 500,000 11 per cent. dividend. 4,000,000 Emission $900,000. 2,000,000 Half paid up. 600,000 7 per cent. dividend. 1,500,000 7 per cent. dividend. 2.800.000 7 per cent. dividend. 310.000,7 per cent. dividend. In liquidation. 150.000 12 per cent. dividend. 500.000 13 per cent. dividend. 1,000,000 Half paid up. 400.000 Deposits, $1,000,000. 500,000 11 per cent. dividend. The postal treaty, provisionally concluded with the Argentine Republic in 1870, was ratified in December, 1873. The Bishop of Olinda, whose arrest was ordered on January 2, 1874, was conducted to Rio de Janeiro and arraigned for trial before the Supreme Tribunal of Justice on a charge of contempt and usurpation of the imperial authority. Having been convicted, he was sentenced to four years' imprisonment with labor, and to pay the costs of the legal proceedings. The sentence was afterward (March 12th) commuted to simple imprisonment for four years in the fortress of Santa Cruz. On being informed that the order for his arrrest emanated from the Supreme Tribunal of Justice, he denied the competency of that or any other civil court to take cognizance of acts asserted by him to be of a purely spiritual character, and consequently amenable to the pontifical authority only. The rumor that a hostile alliance of South American powers was a subject of debate in a secret session of the Argentine Congress, was contradicted by the Argentine Minister of Foreign Affairs in a note addressed to the Brazilian envoy, declaring that the government would enter into no alliance importing a war with the empire, and that, while differing with the Rio de Janeiro Government in the Paraguay question, it would confine itself to the execution of the remainder of the agreement of November 19, 1872, leaving the boundary question to the action of time. On July 1, 1874, Secretary Fish handed to Senhor R. F. Torreão de Barros, of the Brazilian legation at Washington, the sum of $96,406.73, in refundment of the payment made by Brazil on September 30, 1867, upon the reclamation of the United States Government, as an indemnity in the matter of the brig Caroline. This spontaneous act of justice elicited the encomiums of the Petropolis Court and of all the diplomatic agents at Rio de Janeiro. The sanitary state of many portions of the country was very unsatisfactory; yellow fever, small-pox, and typhoid fever, raged, now simultaneously, now alternately, especially at Rio de Janeiro, where the mortality reached an alarming proportion; but the sufferings of the people were materially alleviated by the prompt and efficacious assistance procured by public and private benevolence. The terms of a consular convention with Great Britain, and of a treaty of extradition with Belgium, were ratified; but the all-absorbing topic in political circles during the year was the organization of the military force, and of the police, to which subject attention was particularly called by the Emperor in his speech at the opening of the Legislative Chambers in May. a small, which struck his fancy, and his wide BROWN, JOHN CARTER, a wealthy and benevolent citizen of Providence, R. I., a liberal patron of education, born in Providence, in 1797; died there June 10, 1874. He was a descendant of Rev. Chadd Brown, a Baptist BRISTED, CHARLES ASTOR, an American minister, who fled from persecution in Massaanthor and man of letters, born in New York chusetts in 1636, and was the son of the late City in 1820; died in Washington, D. C., Jan- Nicholas Brown, the liberal benefactor of uary 15, 1874. He was the only son of an Brown University, and the grandson of the Episcopal clergyman of New York City, but first Nicholas, who aided in its organization. of English birth, and his mother was the eldest Mr. Brown graduated from Brown University daughter of the late John Jacob Astor. He in 1816 in the same class with Mr. Robert H. graduated from Yale College with high honors Ives (subsequently his partner), Bishop Smith, in 1839, and soon after sailed for Europe, and of Kentucky, Dr. J. Mauran, Rev. Dr. Solomon spent five years in Trinity College, Cambridge, Peck, and others. The year of his graduation whence he graduated in 1845, taking numerous he entered his father's counting-house, and in prizes, and being made foundation scholar of 1832 became a partner in the firm, which has the college. He married in 1847, and, possess continued to bear the same title-Brown & ing an ample fortune, traveled extensively in Ives-for more than eighty years. But, though Europe, amusing himself by writing for news- an active business-man, and deeply interested papers, periodicals, and magazines, on social in great enterprises of commerce and manuand ephemeral topics, generally over the nom de factures, Mr. Brown never relinquished his plume of "Carl Benson." In this way he was scholarly habits. He was a man of remarka frequent and welcome contributor to Fraser's able intellectual culture, and kept himself conMagazine, the Knickerbocker, the Whig Re- stantly informed on all scientific topics of the view, New York Spirit of the Times, Clipper, time. He early commenced the collection of a Galary, and New York Evening Post. There library, at first of the Aldine and other rare was, nevertheless, a cynical tone to his writ- editions of the classics, and early copies of the ings, which increased as he grew older. He Bible in all languages; but soon drifted into did not hesitate to discuss any topic, great or the specialty of American history, general and |