appear less surprising, when we consider that one of these children was a monk, and that his three youngest sons, all of them still in boyhood, were to be brought up for the Church. Among the gifts which fell to the share of the churches of Rome and Ravenna were two tables of massive silver, on one of which was engraved a picture of the whole known world; on the other, representations of the cities of Rome and Constantinople. No trace is left of these treasures. The document by which these dispositions were made is somewhat different from other instruments of the kind, still extant from those times. This circumstance, and the excessive liberality which it shows towards the Church, has excited in later writers the suspicion that it was forged. It seems, however, not in contradiction with the state of his mind during the latter years of his life, and it was strictly executed by his successor, who was, however, more than any other monarch under the influence of the clergy. This prince, Louis, king of Aquitaine, was then the great Emperor's sole heir to the throne. In prospectively dividing the dominion of his many provinces Charles had followed the unwise custom of his age and his predecessors; but it is entirely incredible that, as some suppose, he should have contemplated ultimately dismembering an empire which he had spent his whole lifetime in extending and aggrandizing, and to the greater part of which he had given the same constitution. The very circumstance that he bestowed upon each of his younger sons a kingdom, which remained, however, just as much subject to his rule as if it had no king of its own, yet assigned no separate realm to his actual successor, seems to indicate that he never meant the two kings to be anything in future but sub-kings, under the dominion of their brother, the Roman Emperor and King of the Franks, as they were now under his own dominion. In the autumn of 813, Charlemagne felt his end approaching, and ordered his son, who resided in Aquitaine, to be sent for. Louis was then thirty-four years old, a young man of benevolent disposition, well trained in war, (having repeatedly fought against the Saracens,) but decidedly preferring the peaceful occupations of literature, and especially Biblical studies. The Emperor at the same time convened the states of the empire at Aix-la-Chapelle, and now held his last Diet. The attendance was more numerous than ever before, and a holy feeling of awe reigned in the assembly. He commanded them to pay homage to his son, as the future king of the Franks, and asked the great men of the empire, each separately, and beginning with those of the highest rank, whether they approved of having Louis succeed him as Roman Emperor also. They all agreed in declaring that such was the will of God. The whole assembly showed their approbation, and many were moved to tears. Then he appointed the next Sunday for the solemn act of coronation. In the morning of that day he went to the church of St. Mary with the crown upon his head, and in the imperial costume. Thronging masses filled the house. Another crown lay upon the altar. Here both kings knelt, and, after having prayed long and fervently, the majestic old hero arose, and admonished his son with a firm voice, before the whole assembly, "to fear the Almighty God, to keep his commandments, to protect the Church, to treat his brothers and sisters with kindness, to honor the priests like fathers, to love his people like his children, to keep misdoers in check, to be the protector of convents, and a father to the poor, to appoint faithful officers, not to depose any one without cause, and to strive after a course of life irreproachable before God and men." Louis promised to fulfil all his admonitions. Then his father ordered him to take the crown from the altar, and place it upon his own head. A solemn mass concluded this imposing and affecting scene. Leaning on his son's shoulder the venerable Emperor returned to his palace. A short time afterwards, he sent the young king back to Aquitaine. The separation was a final one for this world. The old Emperor wept when he embraced his son for the last time. Soon after his departure, Charles was seized with fever and violent pleurisy. He tried once more to cure himself by fasting, but he became weaker and weaker every day, and after January 21st, 814, was unable to rise from his bed. But he still occupied himself in his usual way; nay, the very day before his death, he gave some time to the correction of a 158 THE PRIVATE LIFE AND HOUSEHOLD OF CHARLEMAGNE. [July, Biblical manuscript. On January 27th he received the last sacraments, and expired on the following morning at three o'clock, at the age of seventy-two years. He had left no order with regard to the place or manner of his interment, and his son and successor was too far away to make it possible to await his commands. His faithful servants resolved, therefore, to preserve his body in his favorite church of St. Mary, at Aix. The corpse was embalmed, and placed in a sitting position in a recess of the vault. The arm-chair in which he was seated was of marble, covered with gold. The sword with which they girded him was also of gold, as was the binding of the Gospel which they put in his hand. The shoulders rested against the back of the chair; the head was kept in its upright position by a golden chain fastened to the crown upon it. Inside of the crown was placed a piece of the holy cross. He wore his imperial robes; but under the corpse they laid the haircloth shirt which he had secretly worn, and on his lap the pilgrim's pouch which he was in the habit of taking with him when he travelled to Rome. Before him they hung up the sceptre and the golden shield which Pope Leo had consecrated. Then they filled the vault with incense, spices, balm, and various precious and sacred symbols, locked it, and put the seal of the empire upon it. Over the vault they had an arch built, gilded, and ornamented with his portrait and an inscription in Latin, of which the following is a translation:-"Beneath this monument rests the body of Charles the Great, Orthodox Emperor, who extended the Frankish Empire considerably and ruled over it happily for forty-seven (forty-six) years. He died in his seventieth (seventy-second) year, A. D. 814, on the fifth day before the calends of February.” Loud and heartfelt lamentations of the people accompanied the ceremony. According to Eginhard, the sad event had been predicted some time before by numerous presages, such as frequent and sudden darkness, the falling of a gallery which connected the Emperor's palace with the church, the burning of a new bridge over the Rhine at Mentz, and similar occurrences which interested the people. The historian is here, of course, only the organ of his times. One hundred and eighty-six years after his death, A. D. 1000, the seal of Charlemagne's grave was broken for the first time. The young and enthusiastic Emperor Otho III., who rebuilt the church, which had been partially destroyed by the Normans, had the vault opened. He took a piece of the holy cross away with him, as a sacred memorial of his great predecessor. It was also, probably, at this time that the sceptre, crown, and pouch were removed, to be used at the coronation of subsequent Roman emperors. They are now kept at Vienna. The marble chair remains, and is still shown at Aix-la-Chapelle. The vault was sealed up once more and remained undisturbed for a period of one hundred and sixtyfive years. At that time another great Emperor, Frederic Barbarossa, had it opened again, and by his command the remains of the body were laid in a coffin, and removed to a grander and richer tomb. His veneration for this most celebrated of his predecessors was so great, that he induced the Pope of his creation, Pascal III., to signalize the gratitude of the pontifical chair for its most glorious protector by a canonization of the hero, after the lapse of more than three hundred years. ART. VII.-1. The Elements of Intellectual Philosophy. By FRANCIS WAYLAND, President of Brown University, and Professor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy. Boston: Phillips, Sampson, & Co. 1854. 12mo. pp. 426. 2. Philosophy of the Mechanics of Nature, and the Source and Modes of Action of Natural Motive Power. By Z. ALLEN. Illustrated by numerous Wood-cuts. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1852. 8vo. pp. 797. THE authors of these volumes need no introduction from us. They are already well and favorably known to the public. The published works of Dr. Wayland- his excellent treatises on Moral Science and Political Economy, his admirable volumes of Sermons, and, more recently, his interesting Memoirs of Dr. Judson-have secured for him a wide and enviable reputation as an author, while his position for more than a quarter of a century at the head of one of the oldest and most honored colleges of New England, and his eminent ability as an instructor, have made his name and fame household words in every part of the land. Mr. Allen, too, has repeatedly appeared before the public as an author. His "Practical Tourist," an agreeable book of travels, had in its time an extensive circulation; and his "Manual of Improvements in the Industrial Arts," intended especially for mechanics and manufacturers, is understood to have rendered important aid to these classes. In the present work, we have the fruit of more extended research and of riper investigation, as well as of loftier endeavor. Its aim is rather philosophical than practical. It seeks to unveil the hidden sources of all material power, rather than to furnish guides for its economical applications. It is the development of one great idea, which finds adequate expression only in a volume of seven hundred and ninety-seven pages, and about which all the physical sciences gather in support and illustration. The circumstances under which the work was produced impart to it additional interest. It was not a task imposed by the necessities of professional position. No hope of pecuniary advantage mingled with the motives which prompted it. A pure and simple love of the truths unfolded was sufficient to repay every sacrifice, and to render the labor, although continued through long years of patient thought and study, its own exceeding great reward. It was composed during periods of leisure gained from active business pursuits, chiefly in the hours of early morning, when the faculties invigorated by brief slumber were prepared for their finest action, a circumstance to which may be due, in part at least, the auroral freshness that breathes from its pages. When the work of composition was completed, the resources of a private fortune were put in requisition, that others might experience the philosophic joy and reflect it back by sympathy. The theory of natural motive-power unfolded in this volume assumes the entire passivity of matter. This ordinarily |