lands than the compound. The excretory duct of a gland is the duct through which the fluid of a gland is excreted. The vessels and nerves of glands always come from the neighbouring parts, and the arteries appear to possess a higher degree of irritability. The use of the glands is generally to separate a peculiar liquor, or to change it. The use of the conglobate glands is unknown.

GLANDERS, a disease in the horse, so termed, probably, from the swelling with which it is usually accompanied, of the sub-maxillary glands. It consists of an altered and vitiated action of the vessels which, in a state of health, secrete the mucus covering the pituitary membrane, or that membrane which lines the cavity of the nostrils, In the incipient state of the complaint, this mem brane is apt to appear inflamed, and discharges a small proportion of whitish glutinous pus. As the disease becomes more violent, the discharge assumes a sanious appearance, a disagreeable Emell, and an unpromising colour, or a mixture of colours, being frequently composed of several, as yellow and green, with red or bloody streaks. At this period, although it may be out of our limits of inspection, there is reason to suspect that ulceration has taken place in some of the sinuses of the head. A small swelling may, in the majority of cases, be perceived in one or more of the glands under the jaws, seldom attended with pain, and scarcely ever increasing to any considerable size. The progress of the disease is extremely uncertain; as some horses will endure it, even for many years, without any other obvious inconvenience than a slight discharge, and the enlargenent of the glands; and, indeed, there have been instances of these symptoms disappearing for several weeks, and returning, perhaps, with no rugmented virulence. In most cases, however, the course of the malady is more rapid; the bones and cartilages of the nose are speedily eroded by the malignity of the ulcers, from which an absorption commences, and conveys the poison into the circulation, gradually and fatally contaminating the whole animal frame.

It is but seldom that either the appetite or condition of a glandered horse suffers materially in the early or mild stage of the complaint. When, however, it has spread its dominion over the thoracic viscera, forming ulcers in the substance of the lungs and in the wind-pipe, great pain and difficulty are experienced in respiration, the discharge becomes immense, the appetite is injured, the body of the unfortunate animal displays a haggard and striking picture of distress, and, if neither motives of humanity nor of safety induce bis owner to destroy him, dissolution will approach by tardy steps, and, at length, afford effectual relief to the wretched sufferer,

It seems pretty universally understood, that the disease called glanders is highly contagious, the matter of it for years retaining its noxious quality. We believe, however, that contagion is not so frequently the cause of glanders as some other circumstances. The horses of regiments that have been long encamped, in severe weather, suffer considerably more from the glanders than those which have not been engaged in that species of service. It would appear, that this arises from horses, on such occasions, being coufined to a particular spot, when not on duty, and exposed all the inclemencies of the season; and, in

the mean while, they are prevented from support ing the bodily warmth by such means as they would instinctively employ at grass, such as ranging about, and seizing every opportunity of sheltering themselves against the keenness of the weather. Sudden changes of temperature, and also of condition, may be considered as great causes of glanders: it is well known, that horses of the above description have to undergo these disadvantages most particularly. To the causes already mentioned may be added, infection from the matter of farcy when applied to the nostrils, violent colds long neglected, and the respiration of foul air in close stables, or in the holds of shipping. It was the opinion of the celebrated Buffon, that the horse acquired the glanders by immersing his nostrils deeply into the water when drinking, and the coldness of the fluid producing an inflammation of the pituitary membrane. To support this conjecture, he remarked, that the ass drank more superficially, or from the surface of the water, by which method he avoided the complaint. Were the ass, however, treated after the manner of horses, we are convinced that the one would be as liable as the other to the glanders; but, inured from his infancy by nature and habit, his weather-beaten frame is nowise affected by a variety of changes which operate so frequently and so powerfully on the animal more delicately used. Notwithstanding these circumstances, the ass is subject to the glanders ; and, according to the present state of our knowledge of the disease, it seems peculiar to the horse, the ass, and the mule.

The efforts of veterinarians have usually been employed in endeavours to destroy, not to propagate, this dreadful malady, and we are acquainted with no other quadrupeds liable to be afflicted with it; yet we are strongly inclined to suppose it might be communicated to some of them by inoculation. It appears that a glandered horse may accompany horned cattle, when at grass, without any danger of their receiving injury from the disease. We should be happy could we offer to the public an effectual method of cure for this baneful distemper, but this at present is not within the limits of our abilities: still, we must confess, we are sanguine enough to hope, that, by some accident or other, or by the exertions and experiments of men of enterprising genius, au antidote will be happily discovered, fully adequate to the important task of totally eradicating this most destructive and very prevalent calamity.

On a supposition that the glanders was merely a local disease, some writers, particularly of the old school, have asserted, that it might be removed by the use of astringent and detergent injections. More effectually to apply these, the sinuses of the head have been laid open by the operation of trepanning; yet, notwithstanding the assertions of the advocates of this treatment, we believe this practice has never been attended with permanent success. We imagine, that cases of glanders truly local are seldom to be met with. The blood is generally much contaminated, as may be easily proved by the operation of transfusion: if we take a quantity of blood from a healthy horse or ass, and replace it with an equal proportion, while in its fluid state, of blood drawn from the animal afilicted with the glanders, the discase will make its appearance in the course of a few days, and in a more violent degree than

It can be produced by any other means of contagion. For a particular description of this experiment, see the article TRANSFUSION.

The analogy existing between the glanders and the venereal disease is exceedingly striking: unluckily, however, they vary in the most essential particular; for the glanders will not yield to mercury. A case indeed occurred at the Veterinary College, of a coach-horse, belonging to Mr. Houston, one of the examining committee of that institution, supposed to have been perfectly cured by a long course of mercurials. Professor Coleman makes mention of this case in his Lectures. and certainly with good reason, as two facts were apparently established, which seemed to mark it with a degree of decision: these are, first, that the horse was perfectly cured; and, Secondly, that the disease of which he was so recovered was the glanders. No doubt would have arisen as to the nature of his disease, had it not yielded to the treatment employed, which was that of repeated and long-continued doses of calomel, carried to the extent of salivation. To remove that doubt, however, the horse was kept in a stable with other glandered horses; so that if the disease had been any other than what was supposed, the animal could not fail of being infected: but the fact was, that he was sent from the infirmary of the College free from the complaint, and we have since had reason to know that he experienced no relapse. It may be supposed, that this case led to many trials of a simiJar nature, but, unhappily, without the success which was hoped for by the Professor, who exerted his wonted ingenuity to improve the hint which this solitary instance appeared to afford. We too have administered mercury in every way we thought the most promising of success; but, though we have sometimes flattered ourselves that the symptoms were abated by its assistance for a time, we have invariably suffered an ultimate disappointment.

Some years ago, great expectations were formed from the use of the mineral acids in the venereal disease, and, from the obvious resemblance that that complaint and the glanders bear towards each other, some trials were made on a few cases of the latter, but without the desired success.

We have been informed, and from respectable authority, of horses decidedly glandered recovering spontaneously; but our own experience does not supply a single fact to countenance this suggestion. As the glanders are equally fatal and contagious, great attention ought to be paid to any discharge which may be perceived from the nostrils, or any swelling of the glands; for one of these circumstances does not invariably precede the other. Colds and strangles may be mistaken, by persons unacquainted with the nature of the diseases of horses, for the glanders; but a considerable light will be thrown on the subject, perhaps, by the following observations. In the former complaints there is always some degree of fever, a dulness about the eyes, and a loss of appetite in gland rs, none of these symptoms occur, except in its latest stages. In colds, and in the strangles, the swollen glands are painful to the touch, increase rapidly in bulk, and may be brought without much difficulty to suppuration: in glanders, they are nearly insensible, and seldom become larger than a walnut. The discharge from a catarrh is usually from both nostrils, is plentiful in quantity, of a healthy colour and consistence, and inoffensive odour;

it will flow still more profusely by exposing the head to the steams of hot mashes: on the other hand, the discharge in consequence of glanders is originally very small in quantity, soon acquiring a strong and disagreeable smell and colour, and is very little affected by warm vapours. A cold does not always, though it does in general, at: tack both nostrils: the glanders most frequently affects one only, to which it may confine itself for many months, and the gland will most probably be found enlarged on the side of the affected nostril. In all cases, however, where there appears the most distant prospect of danger, it will be highly prudent to separate the diseased from other horses; and, before the expiration of any long period, we shall be pretty accurately convinced of the real disposition of the complaint.

As we are led, by experience and the information of others, to think, that severe or tedious catarrh, attended with a discharge from the nose, is sometimes apt to degenerate into glanders, we conceive that, on such an occasion, the means recommended for the cure of the former (see the article CATARRH) should be particularly attended to, as they may possibly have the effect of preventing an evil of a more serious complexion. Wherever the matter may be supposed to be detained or lodged in the upper parts of the nostrils, the steams of scalded bran, and injections of milk-warm water, frequently employed, will be found of considerable advantage.

When a horse exhibits such appearances as hold out an undoubted proof of the disease being the glanders, the sooner he is destroyed the safer it will be to the proprietor, as well as more humane to the animal. Nothing but laudable motives of experiment should induce us to protract his tedious and melancholy existence.

We have observed, that, whenever a horse is in the least suspected of glanders, it is proper that he should be removed from other horses, and kept alone, sufficiently secure from all possible communication with them: but particular care is also to be taken that the rack, manger, and such other parts of the stable as he may have come in contact with, be thoroughly cleansed from every particle of the infectious matter, the virulence of which we know no means of destroying but by totally removing the matter itself. The most effectual way of accomplishing the above purpose will be by scraping the contaminated parts with knives, or other sharp instruments, scouring them afterwards with soap, sand, and boiling water, and repeating the process till we are convinced it has exterminated every source of contagion; and lastly, a thick coat of well-sized lime should be spread over the whole. It is scarcely necessary to add, that the litter must ba swept completely away, and the stable-floor properly cleaned.

It is a common practice with the owners of horses, when they have had any one of them seized with the glanders, to bleed and purge the rest by way of prevention: the intention is certainly good, but the consequences cannot possibly prove what they are led to expect. The above method will serve rather to promote, than prevent, the disease, as it will considerably increase the action of the absorbent vessels, by which action the glanders is conveyed into the system. All we would recommend on these occasions is, to re move them from that part of the stable in which

the suspected horse has been standing, until it shall have been made pure from all matters of an infectious quality, and their nostrils may be washed a few times with a sponge and warm water

Great stress-having been laid by writers on farriery on the virtue of fumigations of brimstone and other substances, some persons, fully depending on their efficacy, have adopted them, without attending to such simple, yet much more powerful, means as we have already mentioned. It is from actual contact only with the matter of a glandered horse, and not from any vapour that arises from him, that other horses receive the infection; and although we admit that foul air will produce the glanders, the air we mean is what has become heated and vitiated by being respired by a number of animals for too long a period. We believe, that, by throwing open the doors and windows of the stable for several days, every purpose of fumigation will be answered; but where the mind can receive any satisfaction from their use, it will certainly be as well to employ them, at the same time attending to the other precautions.

Mr. St. Bel observes, he restored many horses that were "thought," by some," to be glandered," because they had no " certain criterion for ascertaining the true glanders;" but he candidly confesses, that he never succeeded "but in oue instance," in effecting a complete cure of that disease. That instance, however, which might have been more valuable than all these instances of failure, he has not thought proper to detail. Nevertheless, if we are to give him credit for this assertion, in spite of his having withheld the particulars of so inestimable a fact, it will at least serve to strengthen the idea, that the glanders is not an incurable disease in all possible in

stances.

Mr. St. Bel, in a situation so favourable to trials of that nature, was induced to ascertain the effect of inoculation of the virus of glanders into the bodies of sound animals, as well as the production of the disease by contact.

1. "Two sound horses, the one fresh from grass, aged six years, and the other nine years, just come from work, were placed by a horse who had the glanders, drinking out of the same pail, and eating at the same manger. The first shewed evident signs of the glanders at the expiration of thirty-four days. It fully declared itself in the second at the end of six weeks."

2. "Two horses in good health, the one seven, the other eleven, years old, both just taken from work, were placed by a horse who had the glanders. The former caught the disease, and ran at the nostrils, fifty-two days afterwards, the second

in three months."

3. "A horse, thirteen years old, very lean, was made to drink the same water out of the same pail with a horse who had the glanders, and continued so do for two months; but he was kept from the diseased animal during that time. He did not catch the glanders."

4. "A horse, nine years old, in tolerable condition, placed by a horse who had the glanders in the last stage of the disorder, caught it at the end of forty-three days."

5. "Three old horses, destined to the anatomical investigations of the school, having been inoculated with the virus in the neck, did not catch the disease. This experiment was repeated on various horses of all ages, without producing

any effect. It was also performed upon an ox a sheep, and a dog, without impairing in the least. the health of those animals."

6. "The coverings and saddles that had been used to glandered horses, being placed ou several horses in good health for a month, and during the heat of summer, did not convey the distemper."

7. "The virus, mixed with a little flour, given to three horses for the space of a week, communicated the disease to the youngest at the end of a month. The two others did not sicken till some time after."

Mr. St. Bel observes, that, only by multiplying such experiments, we shall be able, 1st, To ascertain the degree of infection of the glanders. 2dly, To discover the first symptoms by which it is announced, and which have escaped our notice to this day. 3dly, We should, by such means, be certain of attacking it in its origin, and might attain to a probable method of cure: "for, notwithstanding my failures," says this writer, "I think that a remedy may be found for the glanders. The animal, vegetable, and mineral king doms abound with an infinite number of substances, the combination and rational application of which will, perhaps, in time, overcome those obstacles which have hitherto opposed the progress of the veterinary art, in this and many other diseases. Discoveries wait only favourable opportunities to disclose themselves; and the most favourable are those which are furnished by scien tific associations extending their patronage and encouragement for the perfection of the arts,"

In concluding the account of his experiments, he observes, that many circumstances have con vinced him, that the virus of the glanders has more activity in southern than in northern countries; and that its progress is more rapid in the mule and the ass, than in the horse; but that the former are not so subject to receive it by infection or contact as the horse is.

Copper, as an internal medicine, has been used progressively to an extent of not more, at best, than from a dram to an ounce of verdigris only; but with even less effect than mercury

GLANDI'FEROUS. a. (glans and fero, Latin.) Bearing mast; bearing acorns (Mortimer).

GLANDULA LACHRYMALIS. LACHRYMAL GLAND.

See

GLANDULE MYRTIFORMES. Carunculæ myrtiformes. The small glandiform bodies at the entrance of the vagina in women. They are the remains of the hymen, which is cleft in several parts during the first coi

tion.

GLANDULE PACCHIONIE. (Pacchioni, the name of the discoverer.) A number of small, oval, fatty substances, not yet fully ascertained to be glandular, situated under the dura mater, about the sides of the longitudinal sinus. Their use is not known.

GLANDULATION. In botany. The situation and structure of glands.

GLANDULE. In botany. A little gland. Or, as it is exPapilla humorem excernens. plained in Regn. Veg.-fulcrum secernens liquorem. An excretory or secretory duct or vessel. Exemplified in urena, ricinus, intropha, passitiora, cassia, opulus, turnera, salix