History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Band 5

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1860

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CHAPTER XXVII	1

Preparations of Austria and Russia	2

Treaty of alliance offensive and defensive between England and Russia	3

The incometax is imposed by Mr Pitt	4

Observations on the expedience of this tax	5

Land and sea forces voted by parliament	6

Universal discontent at the French government	7

State of the military forces of France	8

Positions of Moreaus troops	302

First movements of the French general	303

Irresolution of the Austrian generals in consequence	304

Moreau advances against their centre	305

Battle of Engen ib 13 Victory of the French	307

Its great results and retreat of Kray ib 15 Battle of Moeskirch	308

It at length terminates in the defeat of the Imperialists	309

Results of the battle	310

Their disposition over the theatre of approaching war	9

Forces of the Imperialists and their disposition	10

Principle of the warfare on both sides	11

Ruinous effects of the invasion of Switzerland and Italy to the French military power Page 1 ib 2 3 4 5 ib	12

ib 9 13 The French commence hostilities	13

Operations in the Grisons	14

The French are at first successful	15

The Austrians are driven back with great loss into the Tyrol	16

Great successes of Dessoles and Lecourbe	17

But Massena is defeated in repeated attacks on Feldkirch	18

Jourdan sustains a check from the Archduke Charles	19

Importance of this success	20

Position of the French at Stockach	21

Battle of Stockach	22

Defeat of the French	23

Retreat of the French across the Rhine	24

The Congress of Rastadt was still sitting	25

Its dissolution and assassination of the French plenipotentiaries	26

General horror which it excites in France and throughout Europe	27

Commencement of hostilities in Italy Imprudent dispersion of the French forces there	28

Position of the Imperialists on the Adige	29

French plan of operations	30

Preliminary movements of both parties	31

Mixed success on the Adige	32

VOL V	33

Its decisive results Disorderly retreat of the French	38

Plan of the Allies for a combined attack by Suwarroff and Korsakoff	40

Insurrection of the Swiss in his rear being unsupported it is crushed	44

Brave resolution of Korsakoff to force his way through	46

Part of the Austrian left wing is detached into Lombardy	48

Great naval exertions of Napoleon to preserve Egypt	49

Dreadful struggle at the Devils Bridge	50

Comparison of his system of government with that established by Con	53

His character as a general	54

Second battle of Algesiraz and terrible catastrophe in the Spanish fleet	55

Terrible descent into the Grisons	56

His vast influence with his soldiers	60

The British are attacked by the Republicans but repulse them with great	62

His critical situation notwithstanding	68

Moreau at length retreats to the crest of the Apennines and Turin	69

Affairs of the Parthenopeian republic and general revolt at Naples	75

S Page 94 Progress of the military and naval forces on both sides 644	95

Reflections on Suwarroffs admirable conduct in the preceding movements 80	96

Selfish desires which at this period paralysed all the operations of	102

ib 17	103

18	104

19	105

21	106

20	110

81	111

23	112

24	124

2275	128

88850	148

The British first retire and at last agree to evacuate Holland	149

Success of St Cyr near Novi and siege and fall of Coni	155

84	158

Suwarroff retires into Bavaria	161

Parallel between the Archduke and Suwarroff	167

Last illness and death of Suwarroff	171

His last request and funeral	172

Deplorable insignificance of the part which England took in the Con tinental struggle	173

Great results which might have followed a more vigorous warfare at land by England	174

Cause of the rapid fall of the French power in 1799	175

CHAPTER XXVIII	176

Extreme difficulties of government since that event	177

Universal dissatisfaction after the new elections ib 4 Restoration of the liberty of the press	179

Formation of a league against the government ib 6 Measures of the Opposition	180

Preparations for a revolution	181

Revolution of the 30th Prairial	182

New ministerial appointments	183

Efforts of the Jacobins to revive the revolutionary spirit which totally fail	184

Forced loan and conscription of 200000 men decreed by the Councils	185

Anarchy of the provinces Cruel law of the hostages	186

Insurrection in Brittany and La Vendée ib 15 Great severity in the collection of the forced loan and success of the mili	187

Dangerous position of the Republic at this juncture	188

Fouché is appointed Minister of Police His character and conservative designs	189

He closes the Jacobin Club	190

Violence of the daily press and attack on them by the Directory	191

Their continued vigorous measures against the Jacobins	192

Deplorable state of France at this period	193

Arrival of Napoleon at Fréjus and universal enthusiasm which it excited	194

His journey and arrival at Paris	195

His reception there by the Directory and state of their government	196

Previous intrigues of the Directory with Louis XVIII	197

Junction of the malcontents of all parties to support Napoleon ib 27 Profound dissimulation of his conduct	199

His efforts to gain Gohier and Moulins who refuse	200

After much hesitation he at length resolves to join Sièyes	201

Measures resolved on	202

He tries in vain to gain Bernadotte	203

Progress of the conspiracy ib 33 Great banquet in the Hall of the Ancients	204

Enormous consumption of human life since the opening of the campaign 91	205

Efforts of Napoleon with all parties	206

The 18th Brumaire	207

Meeting of the conspirators in the Rue Chantereine	208

Napoleons speech at the bar of the Ancients	209

Curious pamphlet published in support of Napoleon	210

Proceedings of the Council of Five Hundred and resignation of Barras ib 41 Arrest of Gohier and Moulins	211

Napoleon Sièyes and Roger Ducos are named consuls	212

The 19th Brumaire at St Cloud	213

Excessive vehemence in the Five Hundred ib 45 Imminent danger of Napoleon who enters the Hall of the Ancients	214

Napoleons agitation and speech to the Ancients	215

He enters the Hall of the Five Hundred Frightful disorders there	217

Intrepid conduct of Lucien	218

And of the Republicans	219

Nocturnal meeting of the conspirators in the Orangery Their decrees	220

Joy in Paris at these events	221

General satisfaction which the revolution diffused through the country ib 53 Clemency of Napoleon after his victory	222

Formation of a constitution	223

Napoleons objection to Sièyess plan	224

Napoleons appointment as First Consul	225

Total abrogation of the power of the people	226

Outlines of the new constitution and formation of the lists of eligibility	227

Appointments in administration made by Napoleon	228

Gross cupidity of Sièyes	229

Immense majority of the people who approved of the new constitution	231

Reflections on the accession of Napoleon to the consular throne ib 63 Durable freedom had been rendered impossible by the destruction of the aristo...	232

All revolutions after this were revolutions of the palace only	233

Disastrous effects of the irreligion of France	235

Its lasting alliance with the selfish passions ib 67 Identity of courtiers and democrats	236

Prodigious effects of the centralisation of power introduced by the Re volution	237

Hopeless state of the cause of freedom in France	239

Distinction between the safe and dangerous spirit of freedom ib 71 Immense impulse given by the changes of the Revolution to the spread of Christia...	240

CHAPTER XXX	242

Page 3 His statement of the grounds on which peace is impossible	244

Terms on which the government could alone treat	245

Talleyrands reply His statement of the conduct of France ib 6 And of her inclination to peace	246

Reflections on this negotiation	247

Arguments of the Opposition for an immediate peace Speech of Mr Fox	248

His general argument against the war	249

And against the principles on which it was first grounded ib 11 Argument from the proposals for peace in 1795	250

Errors of the Allies	251

Remarks on the revolutionary decree of November 19 1792 ib 14 And of Mr Pitt and the government for refusing to treat	252

The aggressions of France on Switzerland c	253

Her general faithlessness to treaties	254

Napoleons share in these atrocities	255

Advantages of peace to France	256

France the aggressor in the war	257

Pacific conduct of Great Britain	258

Principle of the Republicans which renders war inevitable	259

Napoleons views on the necessity of conquest to his existence	260

Reflections on this subject	261

St Cyrs views on it	262

Great error of the English Opposition at this period	263

The Parliament resolve on war Supplies voted by the British parliament	264

Land and sea forces voted	265

Mr Dundass India budget The Union of Ireland ib 29 Its leading provisions	266

Views of the leaders on both sides of parliament on this great change	267

Great prosperity of the British empire at this period and prodigious rise of prices	268

Bad harvest of 1799 and consequent scarcity in 1800	269

Great efforts of government to relieve it and noble patience of the people	270

Measures of England and Austria for the prosecution of the war	271

Treaties entered into for this purpose with Austria and Bavaria	272

Military preparations of the Imperialists	273

Discontented state of the French affiliated Republics	274

Measures of Napoleon to restore public credit in France	275

Dreadful injustice of the forced loans	276

Salutary effect of Napoleons government ib 41 Pacification of La Vendée	277

Iniquitous execution of Count Louis de Frotté	278

Submission of Bourmont and Georges	279

Napoleon effects a reconciliation with the Emperor Paul ib 45 His energetic military measures and revival of the military spirit in France	280

His measures to extinguish the revolutionary fervour of the people	282

He suppresses the liberty of the press	283

He fixes his residence at the Tuileries	284

Splendid military pageant on this occasion	285

Commencement of the etiquette and splendour of a court	286

Recall of many emigrants exiled since 18th Fructidor	288

stantine in the Byzantine empire	289

Identity of the French and Byzantine police	290

Commencement of his great designs for the architectural embellishment of Paris	292

Suppression of the fête on 21st January elevation of Tronchet and his ideas on religion	293

Correspondence between Napoleon and Louis XVIII	294

General improvement in the prospects of France	296

CHAPTER XXXI	297

Forces of the Imperialists	298

Plan of the Austrians	299

And of the First Consul ib 5 Jealousy of the army of the Rhine of Napoleon	300

Positions of Krays forces in Germany	301

Perilous situation of St Cyr on the following day ib 19 Affair of Biberach and retreat of the Austrians to Ulm	311

Great advantages of that position	312

Kray keeps the field with part of his force	313

Great strength of the intrenched camp	314

Increasing perplexity of Moreau He in vain moves round to Augsburg	315

He next proposes to advance on the left bank of the Danube Imminent risk of the French left	316

At length Moreau cuts off his communications	317

The passage of the Danube is effected by the French	318

Severe action at Höchstedt	319

Kray is at length compelled to abandon Ulm and reaches Nördlingen ib 30 Moreau occupies Munich	320

Massena is appointed to the command His proclamation to these troops	326

Massena finally driven into Genoa	334

The siege is converted into a blockade Extreme sufferings of the	340

Measures taken for effecting the passage	352

Firm resistance of the Austrian commandant	358

Page	361

Milan	362

Advance into Lombardy and capture of Milan	363

proclamation to his troops	364

Napoleon advances to meet Melas who concentrates his forces at Aless andria	365

The French vanguard comes up with the Austrians at Montebello	366

Desperate and bloody action there in which the Austrians are worsted	367

Position of the French in the pass of Stradella between the Apennines and the Po	369

Disastrous retreat of Elnitz from the Var ib 83 His immense losses	370

Gallant resolution of Melas to cut his way through Napoleons army	371

Arrival of Desaix from Egypt at Napoleons headquarters	372

Preparatory movements of both parties	373

Forces assembled on both sides	374

Battle of Marengo	375

Great success of the Austrians	376

Arrival of Napoleon on the field of battle and his first steps	377

Imminent danger of the French	378

Arrival of Desaix After a gallant charge he too is defeated	379

A decisive charge of Kellermann converts the defeat into a victory	380

Final defeat of the Austrians	381

Loss sustained on both sides	382

Base conduct of Napoleon to Kellermann	383

armistice of Alessandria	384

Its immense results and faithful observance by the Austrians	385

Napoleon returns to Milan and thence to Paris	386

Reflections on this campaign Great changes are never owing to trivial causes	387

Disasters of France under the Directory	388

The sudden resurrection under Napoleon	389

Causes of the disasters of the campaign to the Imperialists ib 104 Great effect of central fortifications in a state	391

What is the real fortification required in such a case	392

Merits of Napoleon in the campaign	393

And of the Austrian commander	394

Propriety of the convention of Alessandria considered	395

Inexpedience of receiving battle in the oblique order	396

Deplorable effects of the English being absent from the scene of action	397

CHAPTER XXXII	399

Treaty previously signed between Austria and England Good faith of the Imperial government in adhering to it	400

Lord Grenvilles answer 243	402

Leads to an agreement for a disastrous separation of the Russian	408

The Austrians retire behind the Inn	428

The Archduke Charles joins the army but cannot arrest the disasters	434

Attack on the Mont Tonal in which the French are repulsed	448

Brune at length relieves them and the passage is completed	454

Bellegarde retreats to Treviso Armistice there	460

Siege of Elba	466

The real object of the war was already gained by the Allies	473

CHAPTER XXXIII	478

Early usages of war on both elements Gradual change at land	479

Original usages still kept up at sea	480

Common maritime law of Europe as to neutral vessels	481

Principles of that law ib 6 Sir William Scotts exposition of the maritime law	483

This law universally acknowledged in Europe prior to 1780	484

But these rights were sometimes abated by special treaty	486

Origin of resistance to these rights The Armed Neutrality	487

Its principles are subsequently abandoned by the northern powers in their own case	488

Various examples of this abandonment ib 12 But the neutrals suffered severely in the close of the war	490

Excessive violence of the Directory against the United States	491

Napoleon terminates these differences ib 15 Maritime treaty with America	492

Revival of the principles of the Armed Neutrality	493

Lord Whitworth is sent to Copenhagen and enters into an accommodation	494

Growing irritation of the Emperor Paul at the Allies Politic conduct of Napoleon	495

Differences about Malta	496

He is joined by Sweden Denmark and Prussia	497

His warm advances to Napoleon	498

General maritime confederacy signed on Dec 16 1800	500

Its threatening consequences to England ib 25 Measures of retaliation on the part of the British government	501

Diplomatic debates with the neutral powers Argument of England	502

Answer of Prussia and the neutral powers	503

Hanover is invaded by Prussia	505

Meeting of parliament Perilous situation of England ib 30 Arguments on the subject in Parliament by Mr Grey and the Opposition	506

Alleged injustice of the pretensions of England	507

And their inexpediency ib 33 Arguments in reply by Mr Pitt	508

Rights of England conceded by existing treaties	509

Inexpedience of succumbing before the coalition	510

Mr Pitt resigns in consequence of the Catholic claims	511

But this was only the ostensible ground of his resignation	512

Vigorous measures of his successors to prosecute the war	515

Prosperous state of Great Britain at this period	517

Advancement of its agriculture c	518

Naval forces of the confederacy	519

The British fleet sails from the Downs	520

Description of the Sound	521

Gay scene which the Sound usually presents	522

Splendid appearance of the British fleet as it approached the Straits	523

Undaunted spirit of the Danes ib 48 Passage of the Sound by the English fleet	524

Preparations of the Danes	525

Nelsons plan of attack	526

Preparations on both sides for the battle	528

Great difficulty experienced by the pilots ib 53 Battle of Copenhagen Great danger of the British fleet	530

Coolness and determination of Nelson who disobeys orders and continues the action	531

Heroic deeds on both sides	532

Nelsons proposal for an armistice	534

Which the Danes agree to	535

Melancholy appearance of the Danes after the battle	536

Impressive scene at Copenhagen on Good Friday	537

Loss on either side and armistice agreed on for fourteen weeks	538

Hanover overrun by Prussia	539

Designs of Paul and Napoleon against British India ib 63 Death of Paul Cause of that event	540

General irritation against the Czar	542

Symptoms of insanity in his conduct	543

Conspiracy among the nobles for his dethronement	544

its particulars	545

His mixture of good and bad qualities	547

His character	548

His early pacific and popular measures	550

Nelson sails for Cronstadt His conciliatory measures there	551

Peace with Russia and abandonment of the principles of the armed neu trality	552

Napoleons indignation at it	553

Dissolution of the naval confederacy	554

Reflections on these events	555

Glorious conduct of the British government at this crisis	556

CHAPTER XXXIV	557

the Nile	561

Convention of ElArish ib 6 The British government had previously prohibited such a convention and hostilities are in consequence renewed	562

Position of the two armies	563

Terrible charge of the Turks and its defeat	566

Desperate situation of the garrison at Cairo	567

Storm and massacre at Boulak and defeat of the Turks in every quarter ib 13 Improved condition of the French army	568

Assassination of Kleber	569

Designs of Kleber when he fell	570

Menou takes the command	571

Preparations for the English expedition and magnificent conception of the attack	572

Formation of the English expedition Forces of the French	573

The whole contest falls on Abercrombys corps	574

Sir Ralph resolves to make the attack alone	575

Arrival of the expedition on the coast of Egypt and landing of the troops	576

Severe action on the sandhills	577

Effects of this first success	578

Cautious measures of the English general ib 25 Bloody encounter with the French vanguard	579

Ultimate success but great loss of the British	580

Description of the ground now taken up by the British army	581

Interesting recollections connected with the spot ib 30 Battle of Alexandria Repulse of the French on the right	583

Rampon restores the combat on the right Desperate conflict between the Highlanders and Invincibles	584

Defeat of the French ib 33 Wound and death of Sir Ralph Abercromby	585

Immense moral consequences of this victory	586

Its first effects are not very decisive Surrender of Damietta	587

indecisive measures of Menou	588

General Hutchinson advances toward Cairo and takes Ramanieh	589

General Belliard is defeated near Cairo	590

Cairo is invested and its garrison capitulates	591

Advance of Sir David Bairds division from the Red Sea	592

Their march from Cosseir to Thebes across the desert ib 42 General Hutchinson moves against Menou at Alexandria	594

Progress of the siege and surrender of Menou	595

Results of this campaign	596

Sir David Baird with half the army is left in Egypt	597

Attempted treachery of the Turks	598

Change in the government of Egypt which falls to the Turks	599

Extravagant rejoicings in Constantinople and London at these events	600

First proposal for the introduction of steam into naval operations	619

AUGUST 1799OCTOBER 1801	623

Debates in parliament on the peace Arguments against it as degrading	629

The original objects of the war had become unattainable	635

Desirableness of peace on any terms consistent with honour	642

Public debts of the two countries	645

Exports and imports of both	646

Reflections on the immense efforts made by England during the war	647

Compared with the niggardly exertions at its commencement	648

Disastrous effects of this parsimonious spirit in the outset	649

Vast increase of the resources of England during the war as compared	650

Vast increase of the paper currency during the war	651

Glorious state and character of England at the conclusion of the contest	653

APPENDIX	655

Häufige Begriffe und Wortgruppen

Alessandria Allies Alps Apennines Arch Archduke arms arrived artillery assailed attack Aulic Council Austrian Bagrathion battle battle of Novi Bellegarde Bour campaign capitulation cavalry centre CHAP Col de Tende columns command commenced conquest Consul corps Council Danube defeat detached Directory disasters division enemy flank forces fortresses France French army frontier garrison Genoa Grisons Hotze hundred Imperial Imperialists important intrenched Italy Korsakoff Kray lake Lecourbe Limmat Lombardy Macdonald Mantua Marengo Maritime Alps Massena Melas ment military Monte Montrichard Moreau mountains Napoleon nation Novi occupied peace pieces of cannon Piedmont plain position posts prisoners rear rendered Republic Republicans retired retreat Revolution Rhine right wing Russian side siege Sièyes soldiers soon speedily St Bernard St Cyr St Gothard success Suwarroff Switzerland thousand strong tion Tortona Trebbia troops Turin utmost valley victory vigour whole XXIX XXVII XXXI Zurich

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Bibliografische Informationen

Titel	History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Band 5 History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815, Archibald Alison
Autor/in	Archibald Alison
Ausgabe	10
Verlag	W. Blackwood, 1860
Original von	New York Public Library
Digitalisiert	9. Aug. 2007

Zitat exportieren	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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