advantage; and when the above improvements are used for astronomical or telescopic purposes, another lens is added, after the image has reached its focus, for the purpose of magnifying or increasing it; the receiving surface is then placed farther back.

The second part of the invention consists in the introduction of a prism into refracting cameras, with curved or worked surfaces; (such prism being either single or compound, and with silvered or unsilvered surfaces,) and also in the introduction of a lens or lenses, behind the prism, to gather the rays to a shorter focus.

Fig. 3, shews a tube for a refracting camera, furnished with an achromatic object glass, formed by combining a double convex lens of crown glass k, with a prism of flint glass . The focus of the object glass is eight inches, and it is attached to a tube m, which slides in another tube n, containing a correcting lens, of twelve inches focus; this lens consists of a meniscus of flint glass o, placed with its convex side towards the object, and of a double convex lens of crown glass p, of unequal radii; the lesser radius being towards the object. The correcting lens increasing the concentration of the rays, they will form the image about four inches behind it, augmenting at the same time its intensity. The patentee claims, firstly, the mode of constructing optical instruments, (wherein images are obtained on surfaces by reflecting mirrors,) in such a manner that the images reflected are caused to pass through a lens or lenses, interposed between the mirror and the receiving surface; also the passing of the image or images from a mirror through a tube, interposed between the mirror and the receiving surface. Secondly, the mode of combining a prism of curved surfaces with a lens or lenses, in refracting cameras, as described.-[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, January, 1843.]

TO GEORGE HADEN, of Trowbridge, in the county of Wilts, engineer, for his invention of certain improvements in apparatus for warming and ventilating buildings.-[Sealed 15th February, 1842.]

THIS invention consists in the application of certain metallic plates or zig-zag pieces to the external sides of stoves, grates, or other warming apparatus, which, being cast on the sides, or otherwise affixed thereto, increase the extent and effect of the heating surfaces, by currents of air passing with considerable rapidity in close contact with these heated. surfaces; the air thereby becoming warmed, may be conducted to any room or apartment, where the temperature is required to be raised.

In Plate V., fig. 1, is a front elevation of a close stove of a rectangular form, the front casing being removed; and figs. 2, 3, and 4, represent other views of the same, with the outer casing removed. The surfaces of the top and four sides of the stove are furnished with projecting plates of metal a, a, a, which may be straight and ranged in angles, or bent or curved in any way that may be thought most desirable. These plates vary in projecting depth, from one inch to twelve inches, according to the size of the stoves, and they may be arranged in any directions, and at any angles, with reference to the sides that may be found most convenient. The sides of the stove being furnished with any number of these plates, and arranged in any convenient manner, as said, the stove may be covered or surrounded with a casing of any suitable material, which, as it must touch the outer edges of the projecting plates a, a, a, will form a number of zig-zag channels. Through these channels atmospheric air is conducted from below, through apertures made for that purpose.

As metals of all descriptions are known to be good conductors of heat, the projecting plates, which are connected to the sides of the stove, soon become heated by the fire within, and the air, being obliged to pass in narrow streams between these plates, soon becomes warmed, and, on arriving at the top, may be conducted off, through a pipe or

flue, to any apartment that requires warming, or may be allowed to pass at once into the room which contains the apparatus. Straight or bent plates are equally applicable, and the apparatus may be also employed for diffusing heat, derived from hot water, as shewn in the horizontal section, fig. 5, or from steam or gas. The patentee prefers the projecting plates to be cast on to the sides of the stove, so as to form a component part thereof; but he does not confine himself thereto, as they may be affixed to the side of the stove by hard solder.

Pure atmospheric air may be supplied to the apparatus, by means of pipes or flues, leading from the outside of the building; and by thus causing a constant draft, the apartment will be well ventilated.

The patentee claims the application of projecting plates or pieces placed in zig-zag ranges, and at any angles on the sides or surfaces of grates or stoves, or other apparatus for diffusing heat, by radiation and rapid circulation of atmospheric air.-[Inrolled in the Rolls Chapel Office, August, 1842.]

Specification drawn by Messrs. Newton and Son.

To THOMAS CLIVE, of Birmingham, iron-founder, for certain improvements in the construction of candlesticks.[Sealed 7th April, 1842.]

THIS invention consists, firstly, in a new 66 push-up," for raising the candle, and secondly, in combining that push-up with Barlow's elastic holder, for which letters-patent were granted April 25th, 1839.*

In Plate VI., fig. 1, is a vertical section of an ordinary table candlestick, shewing the mode of applying the improved push-up thereto. The push-up consists of a rack a, on the upper end of which is fastened the cup b, that receives the lower end of the candle; motion is communicated to the rack, for the purpose of raising or lowering the

• For description of this invention, see Vol. XVII., p. 141, of our present Series.

candle, by means of the pinion c, shewn detached at fig. 2. The ends of this pinion are carried by the shaft d, of the candlestick, and it is turned by applying the thumb and fore-finger to the button e.-f, is a spring, which prevents the rack from sliding downwards, except when acted upon by the pinion c; and the rack and pinion are pressed together by the spring g, in order to keep them in gear.

The combination of the improved push-up with an elastic holder is represented at fig. 3. h, is the holder, and i, the cup, on which the candle rests; the remainder of the parts are marked with the same letters as in fig. 1.

When a candle is to be introduced into this candlestick, the push-up is raised, by turning the button e, and the cup i, coming in contact with the tongues of the elastic holder, causes them to expand; the candle is then placed on the cup, which being lowered, by the means above mentioned, the tongues contract, and clip the candle firmly.

Fig. 4, shews a mode of raising and lowering the pushup by turning the nozzle of the candlestick. To the under part of the nozzle, a cylinder j, is soldered, fitting nicely round the shaft of the candlestick, and in its lower edge a number of teeth are cut, which take into the teeth of a wheel k, on the end of the pinion c; hence, by turning the nozzle, the pinion c, will be caused to revolve, and elevate or depress the push-up.

The patentee claims, as his invention, any push-up in which a rack and pinion is used, of whatever form, and however placed; and also the methods, herein before described, of giving motion to the rack and pinion.—[Inrolled in the Inrolment Office, October, 1842.

To JOHN AMERICUS FANSHAWE, of Hatfield-street, in the parish of Christ Church, in the county of Surrey, Gent., for an improved manufacture of water-proof fabric, applicable to the purposes of covering and packing bodies, buildings, and goods exposed to water and damp.-[Sealed 16th December, 1841.]

THIS improved manufacture of water-proof fabric, appli

cable to the purposes of covering and packing bodies, buildings, and goods, exposed to water and damp, is composed of fibrous materials, either animal or vegetable, or both; and of caoutchouc and other adhesive resinous or mineral substances, which are to be manufactured, in a peculiar way, into sheets, applicable to the above-mentioned purposes.

The materials to be employed, are hair, wool, cotton, flax, hemp, cocoa-nut fibre, or other fibrous substances, any or all of which, according to the quality of goods required, are to be incorporated into a mass of caoutchouc, (Indiarubber,) by the peculiar means hereinafter described; and to this mass may be added pitch, resin, shellac, bitumen, or asphalte; and also, if required, sulphur, white lead, chalk, red lead, ochre, or other opaque coloring matter.

These sheets, when so made, are to be applied to various purposes of covering the sides and bottoms of ships and other vessels, the roofs of buildings, sheds, tents, walls, floors, paths, or other surfaces; and likewise for the envelopes of packages, and other things, requiring protection from the weather, or from moisture; and for the making, or coating, of vessels to contain water, as buckets, tanks, fire-hose, and other tubes; and also as a substitute for oilcloths and leather, under various adaptations.

In Plate VI., several views are shewn of an apparatus, found convenient to be used for this manufacture. Fig. 1, is a front elevation of the machine; fig. 2, is a vertical section, taken through the middle of fig. 1; and fig. 3, is a horizontal section, taken above the level of the rotary axle. a, a, is a hollow vessel, or box, of a rectangular form, intended to contain steam, or hot air; b, b, is a cylindrical vessel, placed within the former, so that about two-thirds of its circumference shall be immersed in the steam, or hotair chamber a, a. In the centre of this cylindrical vessel, a strong iron roller c, is mounted, its axle turning in plummer-boxes, bearing upon brackets d, d, affixed to the outer sides of the steam-box a, a. This roller is furnished with a great number of pins or teeth, standing about threeeighths of an inch from the periphery of the roller; but they may project further, and the roller may be made to