them. Having done this, he laid the roll of parch-added, for the encouragement of industry, ment on the ground, observing again, that the and mutual usefulness and esteem. There ground should be common to both people. He then added, that he would not do as the Maryland is something very agreeable in the contenters did, that is, call them Children or Brothers ment, and sober and well-earned self-com only; for often parents were apt to chastise their placency, which breathe in the following e children too severely, and Brothers sometimes ter of this great colonist-written during his would differ: neither would he compare the Friend-first rest from those great labours. ship between him and them to a Chain, for the i rain might sometimes rust it, or a tree might fall i "I am now casting the country into township and break it; but he should consider them as the for large lots of land. I have held an Assembly, same flesh and blood with the Christians, and the in which many good laws are passed. We could same as if one man's body were to be divided into not stay safely till the spring for a Government. I two parts. He then took up the parchment, and have annexed the Territories lately obtained to the presented it to the Sachem, who wore the horn in Province, and passed a general natura zation for his chaplet, and desired him and the other Sachems strangers; which hath much pleased the people.to preserve it carefully for three generations; that As to outward things, we are satisfied; the land their children might know what had passed between good. the air clear and sweet, the springs plentiful, them, just as if he had remained himself with them and provision good and easy to come at ; an muato repeat it."-pp. 341-343. merable quantity of wild fowl and fish: in fine, here is what an Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob would be well contented with; and service enough for God, for the fields are here white for harvest. 0, how sweet is the quiet of these par's. freed from the anxious and troublesome solicitations, hurries, and perplexities of woful Europe!"—pp. 350, 35L The Indians, in return, made long and stately harangues-of which, however, no more seems to have been remembered, but that "they pledged themselves to live in love with William Penn and his children, as long as the sun and moon should endure." And thus ended this famous treaty;-of which Voltaire has remarked, with so much truth and severity, "that it was the only one ever concluded between savages and Christians that was not ratified by an oath-and the only one that never was broken!" Such. indeed, was the spirit in which the negotiation was entered into, and the corresponding settlement conducted, that for the space of more than seventy years-and so long indeed as the Quakers retained the chief power in the government, the peace and amity which had been thus solemnly promised and concluded, never was violated;—and a large and most striking, though solitary example afforded, of the facility with which they who are really sincere and friendly in their own views, may live in harmony even with those who are supposed to be peculiarly fierce and faithless. We cannot bring ourselves to wish that there were nothing but Quakers in the world-because we fear it would be insupportably dull;-but when we consider what tremendous evils daily arise from the petulance and profligacy, and ambition and irritability, of Sovereigns and Ministers, we cannot help thinking that it would be the most efficacious of all reforms to choose all those ruling personages out of that plain, pacific, and sober-minded sect. William Penn now held an assembly, in which fifty-nine important laws were passed in the course of three days. The most remarkable were those which limited the number of capital crimes to two-murder and high treason and which provided for the reformation, as well as the punishment of offenders, by making the prisons places of compulsive industry, sobriety, and instruction. It was likewise enacted, that all children, of whatever rank, should be instructed in some art or trade. The fees of law proceedings were fixed, and inscribed on public tables; and the amount of fines to be levied for offences also limited by legislative authority Many admirable regule s were We cannot persuade ourselves, however, to pursue any farther the details of this edify. ing biography. W. Penn returned to England after a residence of about two years in his colony-got into great favour with James II. and was bitterly calumniated as a Jesuit, both by churchmen and sectaries went on doing good and preaching Quakerism-was sorely persecuted and insulted, and deprived of his Government, but finally acquitted, and honourably restored, under King Williamlost his wife and son-travelled and married again-returned to Pennsylvania in 1699 for two years longer-came finally home to England-continued to preach and publish as copiously as ever-was reduced to a state of kindly dotage by three strokes of apoplexyand died at last at the age of seventy-two, in the year 1718. He seems to have been a man of kind affec tions, singular activity and perseverance, and great practical wisdom. Yet we can well believe with Burnet, that he was a little puffed up with vanity;" and that "he had a tedious, luscious way of talking, that was apt to tire the patience of his hearers." He was very neat in his person; and had a great horror at tobacco, which occasionally endangered his popularity in his American domains. He was mighty methodical, too, in ordering his household; and had stuck up in his hall a written directory, or General Order, for the regulation of his family, to which he exacted the strictest conformity. According to this rigorous system of discipline, he required "That in that quarter of the year which included part of the winter and part of the spring the members of it were to rise at seven in the morning, in the next at six, in the next at five, and in the last at six again. Nine o'clock was the hour for breakfast. twelve for dinner, seven for supper, and ten to retire to bed. The whole family were to assem ble every morning for worship. They were to be called together at eleven again, that each might read in turn some portion of the holy Scripture, or of the Martyrology, or of Friends' books; and in the evening. On the days of public meeting, no finally they were to meet again for worship at six or was to be absent, except on the plea of health or of unavoidable engagement. The servants were to be called up after supper to render to their master and mistress an account of what they had done in the day, and to receive instructions for the next; and were particularly exhorted to avoid lewd dis courses and troublesome noises." We shall not stop to examine what dregs of ambition, or what hankerings after worldly prosperity, may have mixed themselves with the pious and philanthropic principles that were undoubtedly his chief guides in forming that great settlement which still bears his name, and profits by his example. Human virtue does not challenge, nor admit of such a scrutiny! And it should be sufficient for the glory of William Penn, that he stands upon record as the most humane, the most moderate, and the most pacific of all rulers. (May, 1828.) A Selection from the Public and Private Correspondence of Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood: interspersed with Memoirs of his Life. By G. L. NEWNHAM COLLINGWOOD, Esq. F. R. S. 2 vols. 8vo. Ridgway. London: 1828. We do not know when we have met with of a still higher rectitude. Inferior, perhaps, so delightful a book as this, or one with to Nelson, in original genius and energy, and which we are so well pleased with ourselves in that noble self-confidence in great emerfor being delighted. Its attraction consists gencies which these qualities usually inspire, almost entirely in its moral beauty; and it he was fully his equal in seamanship and the has the rare merit of filling us with the deep- art of command; as well as in that devotedest admiration for heroism, without suborning ness to his country and his profession, and our judgments into any approbation of the that utter fearlessness and gallantry of soul vices and weaknesses with which poor mortal which exults and rejoices in scenes of treheroism is so often accompanied. In this re-mendous peril, which have almost ceased to spect, it is not only more safe, but more agreeable reading than the Memoirs of Nelson; where the lights and shadows are often too painfully contrasted, and the bane and the antidote exhibited in proportions that cannot but be hazardous for the ardent and aspiring spirits on which they are both most calculated to operate. be remarkable in the character of a British sailor. On the other hand, we think it will scarcely be disputed, that he was superior to that great commander in general information and accomplishment, and in those thoughtful habits, and that steadiness and propriety of personal deportment, which are their natural fruit. His greatest admirers, however, can It is a mere illusion of national vanity ask no higher praise for him than that he stood which prompts us to claim Lord Collingwood on the same lofty level with Nelson, as to that as a character peculiarly English? Certainly generous and cordial appreciation of merit in we must admit, that we have few English- his brother officers, by which, even more, permen left who resemble him; and even that haps, than by any of his other qualities, that our prevailing notions and habits make it great man was distinguished. It does one's likely that we shall have still fewer hereafter. heart good, indeed, to turn from the petty Yet we do not know where such a character cabals, the paltry jealousies, the splendid decould have been formed but in England;-tractions, the irritable vanities, which infest and feel quite satisfied, that it is there only almost every other walk of public life, and that it can be properly valued or understood. meet one, indeed, at every turn in all scenes The combination of the loftiest daring with of competition, and among men otherwise the most watchful humanity, and of the no- eminent and honourable,-to the brother-like blest ambition with the greatest disdain of frankness and open-hearted simplicity, even personal advantages, and the most generous of the official communications between Nelson sympathy with rival merit, though rare enough and Collingwood; and to the father-like into draw forth at all times the loud applause terest with which they both concurred in fosof mankind, have not been without example, tering the glory, and cheering on the fortunes in any race that boasts of illustrious ances- of their younger associates. In their noble tors. But, for the union of those high quali- thirst for distinction, there seems to be absoties with unpretending and almost homely lutely no alloy of selfishness; and scarcely simplicity, sweet temper, undeviating recti- even a feeling of rivalry. If the opportunity tude, and all the purity and sanctity of do- of doing a splendid thing has not come to mestic affection and humble content-we can them, it has come to some one who deserved look, we think, only to England, -or to the it as well, and perhaps needed it more. It fabulous legends of uncorrupted and unin-will come to them another day-and then the structed Rome. All these graces, however, heroes of this will repay their hearty congra and more than these, were united in Lord tulations. There is something inexpressibly Collingwood: For he had a cultivated and beautiful and attractive in this spirit of mageven elegant mind, a taste for all simple en- nanimous fairness; and if we could only bejoyments, and a rectitude of understanding-lieve it to be general in the navy, we should which seemed in him to be but the emanation gladly recant all our heretical doubts as to the superior virtues of men at sea, join chorus to all the slang songs of Dibdin on the subject, and applaud to the echo all the tirades about British tars and wooden walls, which have so often nauseated us at the playhouses, We feel excessively obliged to the editor of this book; both for making Lord Collingwood known to us, and for the very pleasing, modest, and effectual way he has taken to do it in. It is made up almost entirely of his Lordship's correspondence; and the few connecting statements and explanatory observations are given with the greatest clearness and brevity; and very much in the mild, conciliatory, and amiable tone of the remarkable person to whom they relate. When we say that this publication has made Lord Collingwood known to us, we do not mean that we, or the body of the nation, were previously ignorant that he had long served with distinction in the navy, and that it fell to his lot, as second in command at Trafalgar, to indite that eloquent and touching despatch which announced the final ruin of the hostile fleets, and the death of the Great Admiral by whose might they had been scattered. But till this collection appeared, the character of the man was known, we believe, only to those who had lived with him; and the public was generally ignorant both of the detail of his services, and the high principle and exemplary diligence which presided over their performNeither was it known, we are persuaded, that those virtues and services actually cost him his life! and that the difficulty of finding, in our large list of admirals, any one fit to succeed him in the important station which he filled in his declining years, induced the government, most ungenerously, we must say, and unjustly, to refuse his earnest desire to be relieved of it; and to insist on his remaining to the last gasp, at a post which he would not desert so long as his country required him to maintain it, but at which, it was apparent to himself, and all the world, that he must speedily die. The details now before us will teach the profession, we hope, by what virtues and what toils so great and so pure a fame can alone be won; and by rendering in this way such characters less rare, will also render the distinction to which they lead less fatal to its owners: While they cannot fail, we think, to awaken the government to a sense of its own ingratitude to those who have done it the noblest service, and of the necessity of at last adopting some of the suggestions which those great benefactors have so long pressed on its attention. ance. We have not much concern with the genealogy or early history of Lord Collingwood. He was born in 1750, of an honourable and ancient family of Northumberland, but of slender patrimony; and went to sea, under the care of his relative, Captain, afterwards Admiral Brathwaite, when only eleven years old. He used, himself, to tell, as an instance of his youth and simplicity at this time, "that as he was sitting crying for his sepaiation from home, the first lieutenant observed him, and pitying the tender years of the poor child, spoke to him in terms of much encouragement and kindness; which, as Lord Collingwood said, so won upon his heart, that, taking this officer to his box, he offered him in gratitude a large piece of plumcake which his mother had given him!" Almost from this early period he was the intimate friend and frequent associate of the brave Nelson; and had his full share of the obscure perils and unknown labours which usually form the noviciate of naval eminence. He was made commander in 1779; and being sent to the West Indies after the peace of 1783, was only restored to his family in 1786. He married in 1791; and was again summoned upon active service on the breaking out of the war with France in 1793; from which period to the end of his life, in 1810, he was continually in employment, and never permitted to see that happy home, so dear to his heart, and so constantly in his thoughts, except for one short interval of a year, during the peace of Amiens. During almost the whole of this period he was actually afloat; and was frequently, for a year together, and once for the incredible period of twenty-two months, without dropping an anchor. He was in almost all the great actions, and had more that his share of the anxious blockades, which occurred in that memorable time; and signalised himself in all, by that mixture of considerate vigilance and brilliant courage, which may be said to have constituted his professional character. His first great, battle was that which ended in Lord Howe's celebrated victory of the 1st of June, 1794; and we cannot resist the temptation of heading our extracts with a part of the account he has given of it, in a letter to his father-in-law, Mr. Blackett-not so much for the purpose of recalling the proud feelings which must ever cling to the memory of our first triumph over triumphant France, as for the sake of that touching mixture it presents, of domestic affection and family recollections, with high professional enthusiasm, and the kindling spirit of war. In this situation he says: a "We cruised for a few days, like disappointed people looking for what we could not find, until the and nine o'clock, when the French fleet, of twentymorning of little Sarah's birth-day, between eight five sail of the line was discovered to windward. We chased them, and they bore down within about five miles of us. The night was spent in watching and preparation for the succeeding day; and many blessing did I send forth to my Sarah, lest I should proach on the enemy, then drew up, dressed our never bless her more! At dawn, we made our apranks, and it was about eight when the Admiral made the signal for each ship to engage her oppo. nent, and bring her to close action, and then down we went under a crowd of sail, and in a manner that would have animated the coldest heart, and struck terror into the most intrepid enemy. Too ship we were to engage was two a-head of the French Admiral, so that we had to go through his fire and that of the two ships next him, and received all their broadsides two or three times before we served to the Admiral, that about that time our fired a gun. It was then near ten o'clock. Iob. wives were going to church, but that I thought that the peal wo should ring about the Frenchman's cars would outdo their parish bells! Lord Howe began his fire some time before we did; and he is not in the admirals, and from Captain Nelson, to "It is but dull work, lying off the enemy's port: they cannot move a ship without our seeing them, which must be very mortifying to them; but we have the mortification also to see their merchantvessels going along shore, and cannot molest them. It is not a service on which we shall get fat; and often do I wish we had some of those bad potatoes which Old Scott and William used to throw over the wall of the garden, for we feel the want of vegetables more than anything! "The accounts I receive of my dear girls give me infinite pleasure. How happy I shall be to see them again! but God knows when the blessed day will come in which we shall be again restored to the comforts of domestic life; for here, so far from any prospect of peace, the plot seems to thicken, as if the most serious part of the war were but beginning." In 1797 he had a great share in the splendid victory off Cape St. Vincent, and writes, as usual, a simple and animated account of it to Mr. Blackett. We omit the warlike details, however, and give only these characteristic "I wrote to Sarah the day after the action with the Spaniards, but I am afraid I gave her but an imperfect account of it. It is a very difficult thing for those engaged in such a scene to give the detail of the whole, because all the powers they have are occupied in their own part of it. As to myself, I did my duty to the utmost of my ability, as I have ever done: That is acknowledged now; and that is the only real difference between this and the former action. One of the great pleasures I have received from this glorious event is, that I expect it will enable me to provide handsomely for those who serve me well. Give my love to my wife, and blessing to my children. What a day it will be to me when I meet them again! The Spaniards always carry their patron saint to sea with them, and I have given St. Isidro a berth in my cabin: It was the least I could do for him, after he had consigned his charge to me. It is a good picture, as you will see when he goes to Morpeth." ... By some extraordinary neglect, Captain Collingwood had not received one of the medals generally distributed to the officers who distinguished themselves in Lord Howe's action; and it is to this he alludes in one of the passages we have now cited. His efforts, however, on this last occasion, having been the theme of universal admiration throughout the fleet, and acknowledged indeed by a variety of grateful and congratulary letters from "When Lord St. Vincent informed Captain Collingwood that he was to receive one of the medals which were distributed on this occasion, he told the Admiral, with great feeling and firmness, that he could not consent to receive a medal, while that for the 1st of June was withheld. I feel,' said ne, that I was then improperly passed over; and to receive such a distinction now, would be to acknow. ledge the propriety of that injustice. That is precisely the answer which I expected from you, Captain Collingwood,' was Lord St. Vincent's reply. The two medals were afterwards-and as Captain Collingwood seems to have thought, by desire of the King-transmitted to him at the same time by Lord Spencer, the then First Lord of the Admi ralty, with a civil apology for the former omission. 'I congratulate you most sincerely,' said his Lordship, on having had the good fortune to bear so conspicuous a part on two such glorious occasions; and have troubled you with this letter, only to say, that the former medal would have been transmitted to you some months ago, if a proper conveyance had been found for it.'"" We add the following little trait of the undaunted Nelson, from a letter of the same year: "My friend Nelson, whose spirit is equal to all undertakings, and whose resources are fitted to all occasions, was sent with three sail of the line and some other ships to Teneriffe, to surprise and capture it. After a series of adventures, tragic and comic, that belong to romance, they were obliged to abandon the enterprise. Nelson was shot in the right arm when landing, and was obliged to be carried on board. He himself hailed the ship, and desired the surgeon would get his instruments ready to dis-arm him; and in half an hour after it was off, he gave all the orders necessary for carrying on their operations, as if nothing had happened to him. In board the Admiral, and I think exerted himself to three weeks after, when he joined us, he went on a degree of great imprudence." The following letter to Captain Ball, on occasion of the glorious victory of the Nile, may serve to illustrate what we have stated, as to the generous and cordial sympathy with rival glory and fortune, which breathes throughout the whole correspondence: "I cannot express to you how great my joy was when the news arrived of the complete and unparalleled victory which you obtained over the French; or what were my emotions of thankfulness, that the life of my worthy and much-respected friend was preserved through such a day of danger, to his family and his country. I congratulate you, my dear friend, on your success. Oh, my dear Ball, how I have lamented that I was not one of you! Many a victory has been won, and I hope many are yet to come, but there never has been, nor will be perhaps again, one in which the fruns have been so completely gathered, the blow so nobly followed up, and the consequences so fairly brought to ac count. I have heard with great pleasure, that your squadron has presented Sir H. Nelson with a sword: it is the honours to which he led you reflected back upon himself,-the finest testimony of his merits for having led you to a field in which you all so nobly displayed your own. The expectation of the people of England was raised to the highest pitch; the event has exceeded all expectation." After this he is sent, for repairs, for a few weeks to Portsmouth, and writes to his father in-law as follows: "We never know, till it is too late, whether we are going too fast or too slow; but I am now repenting that I did not persuade my dear Sarah to come to me as soon as I knew I was not to go from this port; but the length of the journey, the inclemency of the weather, and the little prospect of my staying here half this time, made me think it an unnecessary fatigue for her. I am now quite sick at heart with disappointment and vexation; and though I hope every day for relief, yet I find it impossible to say when I shall be clear. Last night I went to Lady Parker's twelfthnight, where all the gentlemen's children of the town were at dance and revelry: But I thought of my own! and was so completely out of spirits that I left them in the middle of it. My wife shall know all my movements, even the very hour in which I shall be able to come to you. I hope they will not hurry me to sea again, for my spirit requires some respite from the anxieties which a ship occasions. "Bless my precious girls for me, and their beloved mother.' The following are in the same tone of tenderness and considerate affection; and coming from the hand of the fiery warrior, and devoted servant of his country, are to us extremely touching: "Would to God that this war were happily concluded! It is anguish enough to me to be thus for ever separated from my family; but that my Sarah should, in my absence, be suffering from illness, is complete misery. Pray, my dear sir, have the goodness to write a line or two very often, to tell me how she does. I am quite pleased at the account you give me of my girls. If it were peace, I do not think there would be a happier set of creatures in Northumberland than we should be!. "It is a great comfort to me, banished as I am from all that is dear to me, to learn that my beloved Sarah and her girls are well. Would to Heaven it were peace! that I might come, and for the rest of my life be blessed in their affection. Indeed, this unremitting hard service is a great sacrifice; giving up all that is pleasurable to the soul, or soothing to the mind, and engaging in a constant contest with the elements, or with tempers and dispositions as boisterous and untractable. Great allowance should be made for us when we come on shore: for being long in the habits of absolute command, we grow impatient of contradiction, and are unfitted, I fear, for the gentle intercourse of quiet life. I am really in great hopes that it will not be long before the experiment will be made upon me-for I think we shall soon have peace; and I assure you that I will endeavour to conduct myself with as much moderation as possible! I have come to another resolution, which is, when this war is happily terminated. to think no more of ships, but pass the rest of my days in the bosom of my family, where I think my prospects of happiness are equal to any man's." "You have been made happy this winter in the visit of your daughter. How glad should I have been could I have joined you! but it will not be long; two years more will, I think, exhaust me completely, ar. then I shall be fit only to be nursed. God knows now little claim I have on anybody to take that trouble. My daughters can never be to me what yours have been, whose affections have been nurtured by daily acts of kindness. They may be told that it is a duty to regard me, but it is not reasonable to expect that they should have the same feeling for a person of whom they have only heard: But if they are good and virtuous, as I hope and believe they will be, I may share at least in their kindness with the rest of the world." pected! It is deligh an affliction, from su "My dear Friend,- "If they would only has He does stay accordi "Sarah will have told I flew had desired my wife to come little Sarah as well after their lasted only for the day. No human nature capable of than ing; but at dawn we parted-a And afterwards "You will have heard from. ing we had, how short our inter denly we parted. It is grief to now; it almost broke my heart t journey, to see me but for a few time for her to relate the incident and no time for me to tell her half at such a proof of her affection: P that I did see her, and my sweet blessing to me, and composed my before very much agitated. I have seeing her again, unless a storm sh port, for the French fleet is in a s tion, which makes it necessary for t narrowly. "I can still talk to you of nothing I experienced in the little I have had of my beloved wife and of my little comfort is promised to me in the aff child, if it should please God that we turn to the quiet domestic cares of pe be much obliged to you if you would guinea for me, for these hard times ma poor old man, and he will miss my v very kind to him!" Upon the peace of Amiens he home, about the middle of 1802. T ing brief sketch of his enjoyment from the hand of his affectionate ed "During this short period of happiness he was occupied in superintending the ed He decides at last on sending for his wife and his daughters, and in continuing those child, in the hope of being allowed to remain study which had long been familiar to b reading was extensive, particularly in histor for some months at Portsmouth but is sud-it was his constant practice to exercise h denly ordered off on the very day th ire ex-composition, by making abstracts from the |