assembly, which sentenced him to banishment from the colony for one year, and declared him incapable of ever holding the office of governor. The proprietors were astonished at this display of spirit on the part of the colonists, yet sanctioned the proceedings and appointed Philip Ludwell,

governor.

In the meantime, the southern colony received especial attention from the proprietors. In 1670, they sent out William Sayle, who was appointed governor, and a large number of settlers. Sayle died soon after, and was succeeded by Sir John Yeamans, who had been a Barbadoes planter. He did not give satisfaction to the colonists, and the proprietors now appointed West to succeed him. During his administration which lasted eight years, the colony flourished and he continued popular, which shows that the best course for the proprietors would have been to appoint governors acquainted with the wants of the new country.

CONSTANT stream of emigrants flowed into the colony. A number of Dutch in New York, dissatisfied with the transfer of that province to the British rule, removed to the new settlement, and some of their countrymen from Europe were induced to follow. The persecution of the Protestants by Louis XIV. drove out a large body of respectable persons, and other accessions were received from Ireland and Scotland. This influx of

settlers led to the foundation of Charleston, upon Oyster Point, in 1680. This town immediately became the capital of the province, and increased in size very rapidly.

In 1690, Philip Ludwell, a gentleman from Virginia, being appointed governor of Carolina, arrived in the province. Sir Nathaniel Johnson, who had been general of the Leeward Islands in the reign of King James, being created a Cassique of Carolina, after the revolution retired to that country, and took his seat as a member of the council. The proprietors having found the fundamental constitutions disagreeable to the people, and ineffectual for the purpose of government, repealed all their former laws and regulations, excepting those called Agrarian Laws, and sent out a new plan of government to Mr. Ludwell, consisting of forty-three articles of instruction for the better management of their colony. The inhabitants, who had been long in a turbulent state, were enjoined to obedience; but liberty was granted to the representatives of the people to frame such laws as they judged necessary to the public welfare, which were to continue in force for two years, but no longer, unless they were

in the meantime ratified and confirmed by the palatine and three more proprietors. Lands for the cassiques and landgraves were ordered to be marked out in square plats, and freedom was granted them to choose their situation. Hitherto the planters remained utter strangers to the value and fertility of the low lands; the swamps were therefore carefully avoided, and large tracts of the higher lands, which were esteemed more precious, were surveyed, and marked out for estates by the provincial nobility.

These arrangements did not secure tranquillity. The numerous body of French Protestant refugees became a new source of discord. The original settlers were generally attached to the Church of England, and they refused to admit the new-comers to the rights of citizenship. This treatment justly roused the indignation of the refugees, and disputes became violent, and constant. The proprietors, in the hope of securing order, sent out John Archdale, a Quaker and one of their number, with full power to hear and determine all disputes between the different parties. Archdale pursued a prudent course, and succeeded in restoring quiet. He continued in office one year, and then left Joseph Blake as his sucBlake steadily followed the wise course of Archdale, and within a few years the parties became reconciled and the French were admitted to all the rights of citizens.

cessor.

LAKE died in 1700, and was succeeded by James. Moore, who, two years after, sought to distinguish himself by the capture of the Spanish town of St. Augustine. He, with the main force, proceeded by sea, while Colonel Daniel, with a party of militia and Indians, marched by land. Daniel arrived first and took possession of St. Augustine, forcing the enemy to take refuge in the castle. The governor considered this post so strong that he sent to Jamaica for artillery. In the meantime, two Spanish vessels appeared, and Moore precipitately raised the siege, and returned by land to Carolina. repulse not only mortified the colonists, but so raised the spirits of the Spaniards that they continued their intrigues with the Indians, and sought. every opportunity for injuring the colony. In 1706, the Spanish admiral Le Feboure, with five ships of war, appeared before Charleston and summoned the people to surrender. But the governor, Sir Nicholas Johnson, who had prepared for defence, returned a defiance. The invader, whose main force had not arrived, sent a small detachment on shore. But this was attacked and cut off. After this success, Captain Rhett, with six small vessels, sailed against the enemy and forced them to retire. A

This

larger armament soon appeared, and troops were landed; but the colonists. attacked them with such impetuosity that both ships and men were taken.

In 1712, the outer settlements of the northern province were attacked by about 1200 of the Coree and Tuscarora tribes of Indians. A sudden attack, in which 137 of the colonists were massacred in a single night, gave the first notice of the intentions of the Indians. A powerful force was despatched to the field of action by the southern colony, under Colonel Barnwell, who, after overcoming the most incredible obstacles in his march through a wilderness of 200 miles, suddenly attacked and defeated the Indians in their encampment, killing 300 of their number, and taking 100 prisoners. The Tuscaroras then retreated to their town, fortified by a wooden breastwork. Barnwell surrounded them, and after killing, wounding, or capturing 1000 Indians, he made peace. The inhabitants of the forest, burning for revenge, soon broke the treaty, and the southern colony was again applied to for aid. Colonel James Moore, with forty white men and 800 friendly Indians, was sent to their aid, and finding the enemy in a fort near Cotechny River, he surrounded them, and after a week's siege, took the fort and 800 prisoners. After suffering these defeats, the Tuscaroras removed north and joined the "Five Nations," making the sixth of that confederacy.

THE Tuscarora war ended, the Yemassees formed a vast Indian confederacy and commenced hostilities against the southern. colony. On the 15th of April, 1715, they began their operations by murdering ninety persons at Pocotaligo, and the neighboring plantations. The inhabitants of Port Royal escaped to Charleston. The colonists soon found that all the southern tribes were leagued against them, but they relied upon the assistance of those tribes who inhabited the country west of them. In this they were mistaken, for these Indians. were either enemies, or remained neutral. Thus with about 1200 men, all that were fit for bearing arms in the colony, Governor Craven had to contend against seven thousand armed Indians. With this force, he cautiously advanced into the Indian country, and after a fierce struggle, drove them into Florida. The colony offered the lands vacated by the Indians to purchasers. Five hundred Irishmen soon settled on them, but by the injustice of the proprietaries, they were compelled to remove, and the frontier was again exposed.

At the termination of the Yemassee war, the colony was involved in