scribes "the religious, humble, and holy rejoicing which followed," as the most interesting scene he had ever witnessed.

Thus triumphant, Bennett and Clayborne took the government into their own hands. A new assembly was convened, which acknowledged Cromwell's authority and abolished the institutions of the proprietary.

The colony remained in a state of disorder for two years, when the commissioners surrendered the administration into the hands of Josiah Fendall, who succeeded in establishing the authority of the proprietary throughout the colony, on condition of carrying the most liberal measures.

In March, 1660, news arrived that Charles II. had been restored to the throne of his father. The assembly then met and declared that no authority should be recognised in Maryland except their own and the king's. But Baltimore succeeded in gaining the favor of the Stuart king, as he had that of the man who had deposed his royal father; and was reinstated in all his chartered privileges. He sent out Philip Calvert, his brother, to assume the government; and Fendall, who had become popular, was deposed, tried and convicted of high treason, and would have been put to death, had not the fear of his influence with the people prevented it. He was fined and declared incapable of holding any office in the colony.

OTWITHSTANDING the disorders to which the province had been a prey, it had continued to increase in population and wealth, and at the time of the Restoration contained 12,000 inhabitants. We have but scanty details of the internal administration of affairs after Lord Baltimore was restored to power. By some it is asserted that

it was marked by religious toleration and an earnest desire for the peace and happiness of the whole body of the people. According to others, the Protestants suffered from domineering tyranny and covert prosecutions. A large proportion of the population were of the laboring class, and there was an opulent aristocracy, as in Virginia. A considerable number of felons had been sent over from England, who were bound to service for a term of years.

The commercial monopoly, and the duties on the produce of the colonists were the source of much discontent in Maryland, as in Virginia. In 1666, the assembly passed an act for the naturalization of aliens. Lord Baltimore died in 1676, having lived to see his colony prosperous, and reaped the harvest for which he had incurred such a great expense of time and money. He was succeeded by his son, Charles Calvert, who had governed the colony for a number of years with considerable success.

By the assembly convened this year, an attempt was made to stop the progress of an evil which had for some time existed in the colony: namely, the transportation thither of felons from England. In spite of the law passed by that body, however, the evil increased, and shortly before the revolution, three hundred and fifty were annually landed in the province.

In the following year, William Penn arrived in America, when an interview occurred between him and Lord Baltimore, with the hope of making an amicable adjustment of the boundaries of the respective territories. But this was found impossible. Penn, by his interest at court, afterwards caused it to be decreed that the disputed district should be divided into two equal parts, one of which was to be given to Lord Baltimore and the other to himself. The part thus taken from Maryland now forms the State of Delaware.

The peace of the colony continued unbroken until the news of the dethronement of James II. was received. Then the flames of discord. between the Catholics and Protestants broke forth afresh. A "Protestant Association" was formed by John Coode, an associate of Fendall, and William and Mary were proclaimed throughout the province. The government then fell into the hands of the Protestants, who held it for the succeeding three years.

William III. now took the patent from the proprietary, and appointed Sir Edmund Andros governor, in the king's name. He was succeeded by Colonel Nicholson, who, on the whole, gave satisfaction. Under the successive administrations of Blackeston, Seymour, Corbet and Hunt, the province remained tranquil. In 1716, George I. restored the proprietary to his rights and he and his successors enjoyed them till the revolution swept away all proprietary rights and established the government of the occupants of the soil.

The colony continued to flourish, received a large accession of Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, and enjoyed tranquillity. The capital was changed from St. Mary's to Annapolis, in 1699; but it was not until many years after, that Maryland contained any considerable towns. In consequence of the long-continued religious dissensions, but little encouragement was given to the institutions of learning. Upon the whole colonial history of Maryland we may observe, that the Baltimore family displayed considerable liberality and untiring energy in establishing the colony, and in its government; but the constant complaints of the Protestants, and the animosity exhibited by the rival sects of Christians prove that the proprietary's rule was not as tolerant or as efficient as is generally supposed, or as might have been expected from the declarations and promises of Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore.

N the occasion of granting the great charter for the colonization of Virginia formed in 1606, one company was authorised to establish a colony on the southern and another on the northern part of the extensive coast which then bore that name. We have narrated the fortunes of the first of these, or the London Company. The latter company had many powerful supporters, among whom were Sir John Popham and Sir Ferdinand Gorges, governor of Plymouth. In August, 1606, they had fitted out a vessel of fifty-five tons, with a crew of 29 Englishmen and two savages, under the command of Captain Chalons. Proceeding by the West India route, near the coast of Hispaniola, the vessel was captured by the Spaniards, and the crew sent to Spain.

Another party, sent out with supplies for Chalons, were dismayed at not finding any trace of him or his companions. Their reports of the aspect of the country, however, excited the adventurers to new efforts. In 1607, two ships, containing 100 men, under Captain Popham and a brother of Sir John Gilbert were sent out by the company. The crews landed near the mouth of the Kennebec and built a fort; but the winter proved so cold and other circumstances so dispirited the colonists, that they returned home in the spring.

A powerful impulse was given to colonization when Captain Smith, unable to find employment in Virginia, directed all the powers of his

mind to this new object. In 1614, he prevailed upon four merchants of London to furnish him with two traders and fifteen men, to form a settlement in America. Smith did not succeed in making a settlement, but surveyed the coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod, and carried on a profitable trade with the Indians. Unfortunatety, cupidity induced Thomas Hunt, the commander of one of the ships, to kidnap thirty of the natives, whom he carried to Malaga and sold as slaves. The consequence was, that Captain Hobson, who arrived soon after, without any knowledge of the crime, was killed, with several of his crew; and much trouble was experienced in assuaging the resentment thus kindled.

N 1615, a small body of emigrants, under command of Smith, sailed for America; but was overtaken by a violent storm which obliged them to return. Another attempt was more disastrous; the vessel was captured by French pirates, who carried the crew to Rochelle, from whence Smith escaped to England. Other efforts to establish a colony were made by Captains Darmer and Rocraft; but they failed.

Meanwhile Smith strained every nerve to inspire his countrymen with a zeal for colonization. Another company was formed, and Smith was appointed admiral of the country. But the powers granted to the company were so extensive as to call forth the censure of the House of Commons, and the ridicule of foreign nations; and emigration was repressed. New England, however, was destined to be permanently settled by an entirely different association of persons.

A large number of the English people had embraced the doctrines taught by John Calvin, of Geneva. Queen Elizabeth, hostile to the sect, claimed the right of putting them down by main force. Under the sanction of Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, the most severe laws were enacted against them, and a constant persecution followed. But the number of the puritans increased, and they boldly sought to reform the Church of England. Another section of the dissenters withdrew from the church altogether and formed a separate communion; these were called Brownists. Towards the end of Elizabeth's reign, a congregation was formed, under two respectable clergymen, named Robinson and Brewster. This congregation found itself so harassed by the measures of James I. that it was forced to take refuge in Holland, where toleration was sanctioned by law. There they remained eleven years, when, becoming discontented with their situation, they turned their eyes to the transatlantic region, as a place where they might form a society founded on their favorite plan of church-government.