altogether freed from the charge of having committed the most shocking cruelties during his campaign in Scotland. He has been characterised by his friend, Earl Waldgrave, as "one whose judgment would have been equal to his parts, had it not been too much guided by his passions, which were often violent and ungovernable.” The cruelties, however, which distinguished his Scottish campaign rather argued the cool malignant fiend than the violent man of anger. His courage was that of the bull-dog; but he had not the generosity of that animal, to turn away from his victim when it could no longer oppose him. After fairly overthrowing his antagonist, his savage disposition demanded that he should throttle, and gore, and excruciate it, as a revenge for the trouble it had put him in the combat. He had that persevering and insatiable appetite for prey, that, not contented with sucking the blood and devouring the flesh of his victims, he could enjoy himself in mumbling their bones; and when even these were exhausted of sap and taste, he would gnash on for sport, and was only to be finally withdrawn from the horrid feast when putridity had rendered it disgusting to his senses.* His name is deservedly held in execration by the people of Scotland.

It seems to have been one of the most amiable features in the character of the unfortunate Prince, that there were few of those with whom he came closely in contact who did not become highly fascinated by his bearing

* Chambers' History of the Rebellion.

towards them. The enthusiastic and devoted attachment with which he succeeded in inspiring them, was such as no subsequent events could ever dissipate or impair. Even half a century after they had seen him, when years might be supposed to do away with their early feelings, it was impossible to find a surviving fellowadventurer, and they were then many, who could speak of him without tears and sighs of affectionate regret.

Within the last few years a venerable matron, by name Mrs. Carmichael, died in Glasgow, at the advanced age of 108. This centenary had a distinct recollection of Prince Charles' short residence in the city, and of many circumstances connected with it. She had been a servant in the house where the Prince took up his quarters, and, according to her own account, had had the honour of "baking cakes for Charlie." She was accustomed to speak of him with the most enthusiastic fondness; and it is to be regretted, that many anecdotes which she used to relate regarding that "eventful period," are now irrecoverably lost, on account of no devout antiquarian being to be found to record her reminiscences.

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CHAPTER VI.

LITERARY ANTIQUITIES OF GLASGOW.

"How shall I speak thee, or thy power address,

Thou God of our idolatry, the Press?"

COWPER.

THE art of printing was introduced into Glasgow by George Anderson, in 1638, the same year in which the memorable General Assembly met there, and one of the first works printed by him was, "The Protestation of the Generall Assemblie of the Church, and of the noblemen, barons, gentlemen, borrowes, ministers, and commons; subscribers of the Covenant, lately renewed, made in the High Kirk, and at the Mercate Crosse of Glasgow; the 28 and 29 of November, 1638." Anderson appears to have come to Glasgow in consequence of an invitation from the magistrates, they agreeing that, besides an annual salary, he should receive a compensation for the expense of removing from Edinburgh. The following is the first notice of him in the records of the

town council:-“4th January, 1640. The said day ordaines the thesaurer to pay to George Anderson, printer, ane hundredth pundis, in satisfaction to him, of the superplus he debursit in transporting of his gear to the burghe, by the ten dollaris he gave him of befoir to that effect and also in satisfaction to him of his haill bygane fealtis fra Whitsunday in anno 1638 to Martimes last." Anderson was succeeded by his son Andrew, who appears to have printed in Edinburgh in 1654-55. He commenced printing in Glasgow some time afterwards, and continued there till about 1661, when he returned to Edinburgh. Having obtained the appointment of printer to that city and university, he, in 1670, began printing an edition of the New Testament, in black letter; but it was so disgracefully inaccurate, that the privy council, on the 9th of February, 1671, ordained him "to receive from the stationers all the copies remaining unsold," and prohibited him, under a penalty, from re-issuing it until it should be revised, and a new title page prefixed to it. Notwithstanding this transaction, which one would have supposed would have ruined his character as a printer, Anderson was, within three months of that date, appointed His Majesty's sole printer for Scotland.

Anderson was succeeded in Glasgow by Robert Sanders, who styled himself printer to the city, and who was for many years the only printer in the west of Scotland. But his unworthy predecessor, the royal typographer, being determined to enjoy his monopoly to its

fullest extent, proceeded to Glasgow, and by threats, or fair promises, prevailed upon Sanders' workmen to desert him "in the midst of ane impression (of the New Testament,) to his heavy loss and prejudice." This oppressive action brought the matter before the Privy Council, which decided in December, 1671, that Sanders should be allowed to finish his book, and that every printer in Scotland had an equal right with His Majesty's to print the New Testament and Psalm Book, in the letter commonly called English Roman. In 1680, the heir of Anderson complained to the council that Sanders had vended bibles printed and imported from Holland, and that he had reprinted several works on divinity contrary to privilege. This charge having been proven against him by his own confession, he was ordained to deliver up the books so printed to the pursuer, but no other penalty was inflicted. He ultimately purchased a share of the business and having brought workmen and materials from Holland, printed several works in a creditable style.

Sanders died, according to Watson, about 1696, leaving his printing establishment to his son Robert Sanders, of Auldhouse. A few of the works first printed by him were tolerably executed, but his latter productions are extremely paltry and inaccurate. Printing was now, and for some years afterwards, in the lowest state in Scotland. The exorbitancy of the royal grant to Anderson had produced the worst effects. No person appears to have been employed for the sole purpose of correcting