Sovereigns, immunities of, 195-197.
Sovereignty, as an essential character-
istic of states, 63; limitations as ex-
ternal, 65-66; neutralization a restric-
tion on external, 65, 66; succession of,
95; over vessels, 152; of the air, 357-
359.

Spain, 37, 40, 45, 46, 48, 57, 78, 84, 87,
96, 102, 107, 108, 116, 180, 185, 211,
221, 250, 253, 297, 313, 386, 476,
479.

Spanish-American colonies (Latin-

American colonies), 46, 47, 87, 387.
Spanish-American states (Latin-Ameri-
can states), 59, 86, 87, 395.
Spanish-American War, 51, 52, 78, 313,
388, 420, 473, 474.

Spanish-American wars of independ-
ence, 387.

Sparta, 25.

Spheres of influence or interest, 118, 119.
Spies, 326, 327.

Spoliation of papers, 412, 413.
State servitudes, 123-125.
States, sovereign, as subjects of inter-
national law, 61; definition of, 61;
classification of, 61, etc.; essential
characteristics of, 61, 62, 73; equal-
ity of, 62, 63, 98, 99; not subject
to international law, 63; neutral-
ized, 65, 66; protected, 67; semi-
sovereign or part-sovereign, 67; origin
and existence of, 72; formation of,
72-77; formation of, by occupation
or colonization, 73; recognition of
new, 85-88, Appendix I; continuity
of, 88, 89; extinction of, 91: succes-
sion of, 94-97; ownership of property,
96, 97, 112-119; fundamental rights
and duties of, 97; right of independ-
ence, 98, 99; right of self-preserva-
tion of, 103-109; dignity and honor
of the, 109, 110; jurisdiction of, 112;
jurisdiction over their own territory,
112; territorial jurisdiction of, 112,
etc.; right of holding and acquiring
property, 113-119; boundaries of,
119-123.

Status of enemy merchant-vessels in
foreign ports, 297, 340, 343, 473.
Stowell, Lord (Sir William Scott), 17,
115.

Straits, as boundaries, 122, 123; as
territorial waters, 130-132; innocent
use of, by foreign merchantmen, 131,
134.

Straits of Dardanelles and Bosphorus,
131-134.

Suarez, Francisco, 31.

Subig Bay, in the Philippines, 158.
Submarine cables in time of war, 351-
353, 371.

Submarine mines, convention relating
to, 337; use of, 337.
Succession of states, 94-97.
Successors of Grotius, 38, 39.

Suez Canal, 137-139, 143; conventional
rules governing, 137, 138, 142.
Suite of sovereign and diplomatic
agents, immunities of, 206, 208.
Supreme Court of the United States, 9,
63, 84, 278, 279, 280, 400, 415, 463.
Surrender, 328.

Suspension of diplomatic relations, 283–
285.

Suspensions of arms, 328, 329.

Suzerainty, states under, 67.
Sweden, 45, 74, 75, 76, 148, 384.
Switzerland, 45, 65, 66, 176, 179, 381;
neutralization of, 66.

Taft, W. H., mission of, 215, 216.
Tartar, case of transport, 166, 167.
Taxes, exemption from, in case of diplo-
matic agents, 210; in case of consuls,
228; in case of military occupation,
367.

Termination of war, 372-374.
Territorial waters, 125, 126.
Texas, 264.

Thirty Years' War, the, 29, 33, 37, 38.
Three Friends, case of the, 78.
Three-mile limit. (See Marine league.)
Torpedoes, use of, in war, 337.
Trading with the enemy, 304.
Transfer to neutral flag, 458-460; in
transitu, 459.

Treaties. (See also Agreements, Con-
ventions, and International confer-
ences and congresses.)

Aix-la-Chapelle, 202, 297.
Amiens, 41.

Berlin, of 1878, 116, 238.

Chile and the Argentine Republic,

Holy Alliance, 45, 46.
Jay Treaty, 276.

Panama, of 1846, 145.

Paris, of 1763, 41; of 1856, 47, 48,
74, 238.

Spain and the United States, 116,
117, 254.

United States and Italy, 1871, 340.
Utrecut, 41, 238.

Vienna (also Congress of Vienna),
44, 45, 238.

Washington, of 1871, 135.

Westphalia, 16, 37, 38, 72; also

Peace of Westphalia.

Treaties, between states, 16, 17; as a
source of international law, 18; defl-
nition and meaning of, 242; early ex-
istence of, 242; nature and classifica-
tion of, 243, 244; parties to, 244, 245;

conditions for validity of, 245, 246;
matters necessary to the validity of,
245, 246; form and ratification of,
246-250; enforcement of, 250-253;
and the Congress of the United
States, 252; operation of, 253-255;
interpretation of, 257-260; favored-
nation clause of, 260-263; termina-
tion of, 263, 264; effect of war upon,
264-268; abrogation of, 268, 269;
of peace, 374-376; effects of treaties
of peace, 376, 377.

Treaty of peace of Spanish-American
War, 254, 255.

Treaty-making power of the United
States, 245; of France, 245; of Ger-
many, 245.

Trent affair, 447-449.
Troppau protocol, 45.
Tunis, 68.

Turkey, 74-76, 124, 131-133, 136, 144,
176, 183, 244; admitted to society of
nations, 74.

the Netherlands.)
United States, neutrality laws of, 18;
instructions for the government of
its armies, 18, 49; approves principles
of armed neutrality, 43; the main
champion of neutral rights, 44; the
Monroe Doctrine, 46, 47, 55, 56, 91;
and the Declaration of Paris, 48; and
the affair of the Trent, 49; violates
neutrality during Civil War, 49; and
the Alabama, 49, 51; and the Geneva
tribunal, 51; and The Hague confer-
ences, 52, 53; and the Declaration
of London, 57, 58; and arbitration
treaties, 59; as to Newfoundland
fishery disputes, 59, 124, 126; and
North American Indians, 68, 69;
Department of State, 69, 78, 80, 96,
140, 141, 178, 248, 249, 385; Con-
gress, 69, 81, 150, 176, 386-388;
and occupation of territory, 73; Presi-
dent of the, 81, 84, 387; and the
Civil War of 1861-1865, 83-85; recog-
nition of independence of, 86, 88; and
the Spanish-American colonies and
states, 86, 87, 99, 124, 387; and
Texas, 91; and Maximilian, 91, 101;
and acquisition of territory, 95, 112,
116; and the Cuban debt, 96; inter-
ventions of, 101-102; in the case of
the Caroline, 104, 105; and bound-
aries, 119, 120; and the Great Lakes,
122; claims Delaware and Chesa-
peake Bays, 126; in the case of the
Itata, 129, 130; and the Sound dues,
134; and the navigation of the Mis-
sissippi, 134; and the Panama Canal,
136-145; protests against Russian
claim to Bering Sea, 149; and the

Bering Sea controversy, 149-151;
and the African conferences, 154;
and the slave-trade, 155, 163; and
the Gámez affair, 170, 171; and the
Barrundia affair, 171-173; and the
Philippines, 175; and passports, 176;
in the Koszta case, 177, 178; native-
born citizens of, 178-181; declaration
of intention in, 181-182; naturalized
citizens of, 181-185; champions right
of expatriation, 182; naturalization
treaties of, 183; persons eligible for
naturalization, 183, 184; exclusion
of Chinese by, 186; immigration laws
of, 186; right of aliens in, 188; extra-
dition laws and treaties of, 189-193;
and the recall of ministers, 199, 200;
and the dismissal of ministers, 200,
205, 206; and the case of Soulé, 201;
treaty-making power of, 248; and the
most-favored-nation clause, 261-263;
and mixed commissions, 278; and
collection of contract debts, 279; and
arbitral court, 281; views of, on pa-
cific blockade, 291; champions im-
munity from capture of private prop-
erty at sea, 341; makes domicile a
test of enemy character, 347; rules of,
in case of recapture, 349 350; in the
case of the General Armstrong, 399;
as to prizes, 401; sells arms, etc., to
France, 402; on convoy, 411, 412.
Unneutral service, 442, etc.; carriages of
persons and despatches, 442-447; dis-
tinguished from contraband, 442; pen-
alty for, 442-447; the law of, 442, 443.
Unsettled questions in maritime war-
fare, 471, etc.

Usage, 15, 97, 135, 136.
Usufruct, rights of, 371.
Uti possidetis, 373.

Venezuela, 75, 119.

Vessels, nationality of, 152-154; right
of approach of, 155, 156; papers car-
ried by, 156, 157; seizure or destruc-
tion of enemy, 347, 348; destruction
of neutral, 453-456. (See also Mer-
chant vessels and War vessels.)
Vessels of war. (See War vessels.)
Virginius, case of, 107-109.

Visit and search, in case of insurgency,
79; in case of belligerency, 82, 84;
resistance to, 349; in neutral waters,
398; mode of exercise of, 409-411;
rights of, 409-412; in case of convoy,
411, 412.
Vladivostok, 158.

Volunteer or auxiliary navy, 337-340;

sale of vessels belonging to, permitted
by Germany, 338.

War, character of, during antiquity and
the Middle Ages, 20-30; in India, 22;
among the Hebrews, 22, 23; in Egypt,
24; definition and meaning of, 293;
general questions, 293, 294; purpose
of, 294; fundamental principles of,
294; an abnormal relation, 294; may
exist without declaration, 294-297;
outbreak of, 294-298; termination
of, 372-374; declaration of (see Dec-
laration of war); effects of (see Ef-
fects of outbreak of war).

War of 1756, rule of, 449–451.
War vessels, courtesy between, 5, 109;
and the right of innocent passage,
128; international canals open to,
137, 141; restrictions in, in canals,
137, 141; flags of, 152; evidences of
nationality of, 152, 153; identifica-
tion of, 153; immunities of, in for-
eign ports, 158, 161-166; free from
rights of search, 160; affording asylum
to fugitive slaves, 162, 163; right of
asylum in, 162-164; can be denied
to ports, etc., 164; exclusion from
foreign ports, 164; as to salvage, 165;
jurisdiction over personnel ashore,
165, 166; case of Mohican, 165, 166;
conversion of merchant ships into,
337-340, 475-477; admission of, to
neutral ports and waters, 401, 402;
duration of sojourn in neutral ports,
402, 404, 405; fitting out, arming,
equipping of, etc., in neutral ports,
403; repairs of, in neutral ports, 405,
406; coaling of, in neutral ports, 406,
407; internment of, 408; in case of
convoy, 411, 412; as contraband, 429;
wounded, sick, or shipwrecked per-
sons taken on board neutral, 451-453.
Warfare, maritime, Hague conventions

relating to, 53, 54; area of, 332; laws
and usages of, 333, 334; objects of,

333, 334; restriction on capture in,
336, 340-346; regulations regarding
crews captured in enemy merchant-
men, 344, 345; enemy character in,
346, 347; capture of enemy goods and
vessels in, 347; bombardment in,
350, 351; blockade, 418, etc.; contra-
band, 427, etc.; use of submarine
mines in, 477-479; treatment of
sick, wounded, and shipwrecked in,
345, 451, 453.

Warfare, of the Middle Ages, 28-30;
private, in the Middle Ages, 30; as
to property, 305, 308; as to historical
monuments, etc., 372; as to laws of
humanity and public conscience, 372.
Warfare on land, laws of, 315; contribu-
tions, 307, 367-370; codes of, 311, 312;
Hague regulations relating to lawful
belligerents, 315-317; treatment of
prisoners in, 317-322; of sick and
wounded, 324; means of injuring the
enemy in, 324-326; espionage in, 326,
327; flags of truce, 327, 328; armis-
tices, 328, 329; reprisals, 329, 330;
military occupation, 364, etc.; hos-
tages, 370, 371; conquest and cession,
377, 378; neutral rights and duties in,
389-396; Hague Convention IV of
1907, 520.

Washington, treaty of 1871, 50, 51.
Water divide, as a natural boundary,
121.

West African conference. (See Berlin
conference.)

Wheaton, Henry, 18, 19, 25, 39, 40, 43,
125, 126, 133.

Wildenhaus case (steamer Noordland),
167-169.

Wireless telegraphy, 360-363; those
engaged in, not to be treated as spies,
327; in land warfare, 361, 390, 391;
as contraband, 362; in maritime war-
fare, 362, 363; in aerial warfare, 360.
Zanzibar, 67, 290.