427-440, 442-456, 458-470, 471-479;
compared with municipal law, 7;
has judicial sanction, 8; as part of
municipal law, 8; recognized by Con-
stitution of the United States, 9, 10;
codification of, 10, 11; observance of,
11, 12; its formation, 14, 20; author-
ities, 11, 30-34, 38, 39 (see list of
authorities consulted); original mo-
tives and causes of, 14; sources of,
15-20; its histories, 20; development
of, 37, etc.; subjects of, 61.
International law situations of United
States Naval War College, 339, 340,
353, 362, 363, 462, 463.
International police, 12, 13.
International private law, 4.
International prize-court, 400, 401, 419,
464, 466-468; see Appendix III.
International state policy, 5.
International treaties and agreements,
16.

Internment in neutral territory, 392,
393.

Interoceanic canals, 136-139.

Intervention, 100-103; of the United
States, 101, 102.

Inviolability of neutral territory, 390-
396, 398-401.
Ionian Islands, 308.

Irregular combatants, 312, 313, 316,
317.

Italy, 10, 25, 49, 52, 57, 64, 72, 180,
190, 200, 259, 266, 269, 290, 291, 340,
356, 359, 375-472, 476, 477, 479; and
Turkey, war between, 59, 259, 304,
375, 386, 388, 446, 447.
Itata, case of, 129, 130.

Japan, 53, 57, 75, 124, 183, 214, 304,
341, 345, 349, 355, 359, 403, 407, 453,
461, 476, 479.

Juan de Fuca, Strait of, 122.
Judicial settlement of international dis-

putes, 279, 282; see Appendices II,
III.

Jurisdiction, in case of colonial protect-

orate, 68, 117, 118; right of, 112;
over its own territory, 112; over
aerial space, 112, 357, 358, 359; over
bays, 125, 126; over territorial waters
and vessels therein, 125, 126, 128;
beyond the marine league, 129, 130;
over straits, 130-134; over rivers,
134-136; over interoceanic canals,
136-139; over adjacent seas during
Middle Ages, 148; over open sea, 148;
over cases arising from salvage or col-
lision, 151; over vessels on the high
seas, etc., 152; over war-ships and
merchantmen, 153; over pirates, 154,
155; in foreign territory, 158, 167; over
aliens, 185, 186, 187-189; immunities
from, of head of the state, 196, 197;
of diplomatic agents, 206-210; over
suite, 208, 209; of consuls in Africa

Law of nations, 3.

Laws of war, in general, 309, 310; mod-
ern development of, 310-312; and
the private citizen, 312-315; on land,
315, etc.; at sea, 333, 334.
Leased territory, 117.
Legality as a ground of intervention,
100.

Legations, the right of, 197, 198; im-
munities of, 206-210; right of asylum
in, 210-212.

Leges Wisbuensis, 10.

Les Traités des Dames, 200.
Letters of credence, 201, 202.
Letters of marque, 335.

Levies en masse, 316.
Liberia, 65, 74.

Licenses to trade, 304.

Lieber, Dr. Francis (rules of war), 49,
203, 300, 301, 313, 314, 317, 318, 324.
Loans, by neutrals to belligerents, 395.
L'Océan, case of, 167, 169.

London, treaty of, 1871, 51, 124, 132,
133.

London Naval Conference of 1909 (see

also Declaration of London), 57, 58;
on convoy, 44; on blockade, 418-426;
on contraband, 427-440; sanctions
doctrine of continuous voyage, 433;
on unneutral service, 442-447; on de-
struction of neutral prizes, 453-456;
on transfer of flag, 458-461; rules of,
on enemy character, 461, 462.
Loss of territory, modes of, 91, 92.

Louis XIV of France, 34, 35, 39.
Louisiana, 115, 116, 201, 252, 379.
Luxemburg, 65, 66, 391, 393; neutral-
ization of, 66.

Machiavellian diplomacy, 31.
McKinley, 81, 84.

Madagascar, 221, 264.

Magellan, Straits of, 122, 131, 143, 176.
Mail steamers, exemption from service,
444.

Mail-bags during war, 444.
Malay Peninsula, 119.
Manchuria, 124.

Manila, 216, 227, 255, 256.
Manouba, case of, 446, 447.
Manu, Code of, 22.

Marcy, Secretary, 48, 177, 178, 286.
"Mare Liberum," 148, 149.
Marianna Flora, case of, 156.
Marine League, 125, 126–131; decision
in Atlantic fishery question, 126;
right of innocent passage through,
128; exercise of authority beyond,
129, 130; in case of canals, 137, 142.
Maritime capture, question of domicile
and nationality, 474-475.
Maritime flag of states, 152.
Maritime international law, rules of, 57,
58.

Maritime warfare, in general, 332, etc.;
exemption in capture, 34, 346; un-
settled questions in, 471, etc.
Marriage, effect of, on nationality, 184.
Marshall, Chief Justice, 9, 10, 17, 68,
69, 97, 103, 158, 159, 160, 167, 409.
Marshals of consular courts, 224.
Matters necessary to the validity of
treaties, 245, 246.

Maximilian, Archduke, 101.

Measures of constraint short of war,
283, etc.

Mediæval church, influence of, in Mid-
dle Ages, 28, 29.

Mediation, as a mode of settling inter-
national differences, 271-274; Hague
conferences on, 272, 273; examples of,
274.

Mediterranean, the, 10, 133, 136, 147.
Men-of-war, salutes by, 110.
Merchant vessels, liable to jurisdiction

of bordering state, 128; passage of,
through territorial waters, 128; al-
lowed to pass Turkish straits, 132;
jurisdiction over, on the open sea and
in foreign waters, 152-154; evidences
of nationality, etc., 156, 157; papers
of, 156, 157; in foreign ports, status
of, 167-173; right of asylum as ap-
plied to, 169–173; status of enemy, at
the outbreak of hostilities, 297, 307;
regulations regarding the crews of,
when captured, 336; conversion of,
into war-ships, 337-340; capture of, in
war-time, 340, 341, 343-345; when
subject to capture, 340-343; proce-

dure of capture, 347, 348; enemy, de-
struction of, 348, 349; the right of
visit and search of, 349-350, 409-412;
engaged in unneutral service, 442-
447.

Mexico, 101, 216, 264, 284, 359, 388;
gulf of, 147, 148.

Mid-channel, as boundaries, 121.

Middle Ages, 2, 20, 27-30, 148, 197, 309.
Military attachés, 204.

Military occupation, 364, etc.; its mean-
ing, 364-366; authority of, 366, 367;
limitations to authority, 367–372.
Military service, effect of, on expa-
triation, 154; resident aliens, not lia-
ble to, 188.

Military servitudes, 124.

Mines, use of floating, in war, 337.
Minister of foreign affairs, duties of,
195, 196.

Minister, resident, 203.

Ministers, public, in third countries,
201; relations, defined at Congress
of Vienna, 202-205; classification of,
203, 204; dismissal of, 205, 206; im-
munities of, 206-210; recall of, 212,
213.

Mississippi River, 115, 134, 135.

Mixed commissions, 278; of the Dan-
ube, 278.

Modern development of the laws of
war, 310-312.

Modification of treaties, 268.
Mohican, case of, 165-166.
Monaco, 65.

Monroe Doctrine, enunciation of, 46,
47; statement and history of, 46; not
international law, 47.

Montenegro, 76, 88, 124, 479.
Montesquieu, 24.

Montezuma, case of, 79, 80.
Morocco, 68, 148.

Morris, Gouverneur, case of, 212, 213,
214.

Most-favored-nation clause, in treaties,
260, 263.

Mountains, as natural boundaries, 121.
Municipal or state law, 8, 9; compared
with international law, 7, a part of
the law of England, 9; international
law a part of, 9; of the United States,
9.

Münster, treaty of, 38, 253.

Naples, 45.

Napoleon I. 43, 44, 244, 246.
Napoleon III, 101, 195–201, 399.
Napoleonic wars, the, 43, 44, 99, 588.
National prize tribunals, 463, 464.
Nationality, of ships, 153, 154; in the
United States (see also Naturaliza-
tion), 175, 178, 179, 190; loss of
British, 175; principle of, 175; as ap-
plied to native-born citizens, 178-
180; in France, 179, 180; loss of, in
other countries, 179; of children born

during a voyage, 179, 180; as to mer-
chant seamen, 184, 185; in case of
cession or conquest, 378.

Native princes of British India, 68,
69.

Naturalization, 181-185; in the United

States, 175, 181-184; in Germany,
181-184; in Great Britain, 181-184;
meaning of, 181; regulated by mu-
nicipal law, 181; treaties on, 183.
Nature of international law, 1.
Nature of treaties, 243.

Naval war code of 1900, 339, 340, 416,
455, 462.

Naval War College, 353, 362, 363, 462,
463.

Navigation, of the Mississippi, 134, 135;

freedom of, as applied to rivers, 135-
136; of the Congo and the Niger, 135;
of the Danube, 135; of the Rhine,
135; of the Scheldt, 135.

Navy regulations, 163.
Negotiations, 237, 238.
Nelson at Copenhagen, 105.
Nereide, case of, 9, 10.

Netherlands, the. (See Holland.)
Neutral ports and waters, inviolability
of, 398-401; as base of operations,
401, 402; admission of belligerent
war-ships into, 404-409; duration of
sojourn in, 405-409; number of bel-
ligerent war-ships allowed in, at one
time, 405; repairs of belligerent war-
ships in, 405; coaling of belligerent
war-ships in, 407; prizes in, 407; de-
tention of vessels in, 408; equipment
of belligerent vessels in, 408, 409;
cannot be blockaded, 419.
Neutral powers, in naval war, 54; re-
strictions on, in aerial warfare, 361-
363; rights and duties of, in land war-
fare, 389, etc.; internment in, 392,
393; passage of sick and wounded,
393, 394; furnishing of supplies by,
395; in maritime warfare, 398, etc.;
obligations with respect to waters,
402-409.

Neutral prizes, destruction of, 453, 457.
Neutral rights and duties, in case of in-
surgency, 79, 80; of belligerency, 82;
conventions regarding, 389, etc.; in
land warfare, 389, 396.

Neutral states created by war, 380, 381.
Neutral territory and waters, inviola-

bility of, 390-394, 401; prize-courts
in, 401; as a base of operations, 401,
402; fitting out or arming of ships in,
402, 403, 406, 413.

Neutral water, base of operation, 401,
402.

Neutrality, armed, 42, 43; early rules

of, 42, 43; principles of, 381-383; his-
tory of, 383, etc.; obligations of, 390,
391, 393; proclamations and declara-
tions of, 396, 397, 406 (see Appendix
V); notation of, 398; conversion of

merchantmen in neutral ports a vio-
lation of, 476.

Neutrality laws of the United States,
18, 386-389.

Neutralized states, 65-67.

Neutrals, not expected to undertake
duties beyond their powers, 39;
opening of closed trade to, 449-
451.

New Orleans, 134.
Newfoundland, 59.

Newfoundland coast, 4, 59.
Nicaragua, 170, 171.
Nimeguen, peace of, 39.
Non-combatants, 302-305.

Non-contraband articles, 431-433.
Non-intercourse between belligerents
(see Trading with the enemy), 304.
North American Indians, 68, 69.
Norway, 45, 67, 75, 76.

Notification, in case of bombardment,
325, 326; in case of occupation, 366;
in blockade, 421-423; in contraband,
430, 431.

Nova Scotia, 131.

Occupant, authority of the military,
366, 367; results to the, 372, 377.
Occupation, as a mode of acquiring ter-
ritory, 73, 74; of a port as means of
reprisal, 288; distinguished from con-
quest and cession, 377, 378.
Occupation, military, 364, etc.; defini-
tion of, 364; Hague regulations on,
367, etc.; hostages, 370, 371; under
laws of humanity, 372; distinguished
from conquest, 377: Hague wish re-
specting foreigners, 395.

Open sea. (See High seas.)
Opening to neutrals of a trade closed in

Papacy, the, or Pope, 64, 65; influence
of, in Middle Ages, 28, 29; diplomatic
agents of, 64; not a sovereign state,
64; other agents to the, 215, 216.
Paper and paper-making materials on
free list, 431.

Papers carried by merchant vessels, 156,
157.

Paquete Habana, case of, 8, 9.
Paris, American minister in, 176.
Paris, Declaration of. (See Declara-
tion of Paris.)

Paris, treaty of, 1763, 41; 1898, 255;
1856, 273.

Parlement Belge, case of, 166.

Parole, in case of interned troops, 320,
321; breach of, 321; release on, 321;
terms of, 321; in case of shipwrecked
taken on board a neutral war-ship,
453.

Part or semi-sovereign states, 67.
Parties to a treaty, 244.

Passage through neutral territory of
prisoners of war and wounded, 394.
Passports, 176, 231.

Peace, treaties of, 373-378.

Peace of God, 30.

Peace of Utrecht, 41.

Peace of Westphalia, 37-39, 72.

Pearl fisheries, 127.

Persia, 231.

Peking, 102, 250.

Penalty of carriage of contraband, 436-
440.

Persians, the, hospitality of, 24.
Persian Gulf, 127.

Pharaoh, 24.

Philippine Islands, 158, 175, 215, 216,
254, 255.

Phoenicians, the, barbarity of, in war-
fare, 22, 24.

Piedmont (Sardinia also), 45, 384.
Pilcomayo, case of, 191, 192.
Pillage, 326.

Piracy, 154, 155; insurgent vessels as a

rule do not commit, 78, 79; definition
and marks of, 154, 155; by municipal
law, 155; jurisdiction over, 155.
Poland, division of, 41.

Political offences, extradition for, 190.
Political refugees, the so-called right of
asylum as applied to, 162, 169–173,
210-212.

Pope of Rome, 148.
Porcupine River, 135.
Port Arthur, 117.

Porto Rico, 175, 253.

Ports, closed to men-of-war, 158; juris-
diction over public vessels in, 158-
167; over private vessels in, 167-173.
Portsmouth, treaty of, 274.
Portugal, 45, 148, 384.

Powder as contraband, 428, 430.
Precedence of consuls, 223–225.
Predecessors of Grotius, 30-32.
Pre-emption of contraband, 440.

Preliminaries of peace, 375.

Prescription, as a mode of acquisition
of territory, 115, 116.

President of the United States, with
respect to exportation of arms, 388;
immunities of the, 195; as treaty-
making power, 245, 248, 250.
President Polk, 252.

Prisoners of war, 317-324; treatment of,
in Greece, 25; treatment of, 318-320;
internment of, 319; their labor and
maintenance, 319, 320; their punish-
ment and escape, 320; their release on
parole, 320, 321; bureau of informa-
tion for, 323; relief societies for, 323.
Private individuals in war, 312, 315.
Private property at sea, its capture and
proposed immunity, 341-343.
Privateering, 48, 49; abolition of, 48.
Prize-court, international, 466-468;
see Appendix III.

Prize-courts, national, decisions of, 17;
jurisdiction of, 463–466.

Prize-courts on foreign territory, 401.
Prizes, destruction of enemy, 348, 349;
disposition of, 348, 463-465; in neu-
tral ports, 398-399; capture of, in
neutral waters, 400, 401; spoliation of
papers of, 412, 413: destruction of
neutral, 453-456; sent in for adjudica-
tion, 462, 463; passengers in, 466; res-
toration of, 468.

Procedure of the capture of merchant-
men, 347, 348.

Proclamation of neutrality, 83, 396,
397. (See Appendix V.)

Proof of destination of contraband, 433,
434.

Property, private, circumstances under

which seizure or destruction is per-
missible, 305, 306; not to be seized,
except in case of necessity, 305, 306;
confiscation of, forbidden, 306; still
subject to capture, 307; movement
for abolition of capture at sea, 341;
reasons in favor of the retention of
the right of capture, 342; at sea, 472.
Property, public or state, 96, 113-119.
Protection, of nationals abroad, 175,

176-178; in Turkey, 176, 177; of
aliens, 176; to foreign nationals, 176.
Protectorates, colonial, 117, 118; inter-
national, 67, 68.

Protocols, of the United States in in-
ternational prize-court convention.
(See Appendix III.)

Provisions (foodstuffs), supply of, to bel-
ligerents, becomes contraband, 429,
433-435. (Also see Appendix IV.)
Prussia, 41, 45, 65, 66, 99, 263 (also see
Germany); Holy Alliance, 45, 46.
Prussian volunteer fleet, 338.
Puffendorf, 38.

Pursuit, in blockade, 424, 425; no right
of, in peace beyond marine league,
429, 430.

Qualifications of belligerents, 315, 316.
Quarantaine le Roy, 30.

Quarter, in Greece, 25; refusal of, for-
bidden, 324.

Radius of action, in blockade, 424, 425.
Railway material, of neutrals, 396; as
contraband, 430.

Rank, of states, differences in, 99; of
diplomatic officials, 202-204.
Ransom, 350.

Ratification of treaties, 247, 249, 250.
Rebellion contrasted with war, 381.
Recall, of ministers, 212, 213; of con-
suls, 226, 227, 233.
Recapture of prizes, 349.

Receipts, in case of contributions and
requisitions, 368, 369.

Recognition, of insurgency, 77-81 (Ap-
pendix I); of belligerency, 81-85 (Ap-
pendix I); of independence, 85-88;
of new states, 85-88; of new govern-
ments, 91.

Region of war, 332.

Relief societies, for prisoners of war,
323.

Repairs, of belligerent war-ship in neu-
tral ports, 405, 406.

Reparation for right of angary, 415, 416.
Repatriation of prisoners of war, 323.
Reprisals in general in peace, 286–289.
Reprisals in peace, 286-289; in war,
329, 330.

Requisitions, 303, 307, 367, 368, 369,
370.

Reservists, cases of, 414.

Residence, effect of, upon domicile, 187,
188; immunity of, in case of public
ministers and sovereigns, 208.
Resistance to search, etc., 349.
Respect for the dignity and honor of
the state, 109, 110.

Retaliation, 329, 330.
Retorsion, 285, 286.

Revolution, American, 84, 433.
Revolution, French, 43, 44, 384.
Rhine, the freedom of, 135.

Right of asylum, in Spain, 211, 212; in
Spanish America, 212; in legations
and embassies, 210-212.

Right of independence of states, 98-100.
Right of innocent passage, 128, 129.
Right of legal equality, 98.

Rio de Janeiro, 80.

Rio de la Plata, 135.

Rio Grande, 101.

Rivers, 134-136; navigation of, 134-
136; international, 134-136.
Romans, 25-27; intercourse and laws
of the, 21, 25, 26, 27.
Roosevelt, ex-President, 216, 274.
Rule of the war of 1756, 42, 449-451.
Rules governing, states in respect to
aliens, 185-187; the practice of the
United States in respect to aliens,
186.

Rules of the treaty of Washington of
1871, 50.

Rumania, 76, 116, 133.
Russell, Earl, 83, 84.

Russia, 42, 44, 45, 52, 53, 57, 74, 76, 99,
124, 149, 180, 227, 243, 262, 277, 341,
359, 361, 476, 479.

Russo-Japanese War, 138, 304, 317, 337,
339, 345, 361, 388, 399, 402, 406, 453-
456, 478.

Russo-Turkish War of 1877, 138, 313,
375, 407.

Ryswick, peace of, 39.

Self-preservation, rights of, 103-109.
Semi-sovereign states, 67, 68.
Semmes, Captain, 49.

Serrano, Marshal, case of, 211.
Servitudes, state, 123-126.
Shanghai, China, 235.

Shenandoah, case of the, 402.
Sheridan, General, devastations of,
during Civil War, 314.

Ships' papers, 156, 157; in case of search,
347, 348; in case of capture, 348, 462;
in case of destruction of prizes, 349,
454, 455; proof in case of contraband,
433, 435, 436.

Shipwrecked, the, in maritime warfare,
451-453.

Siam, 88, 231.

Sick and wounded, the, treatment of,
in land warfare, 310, 317, 326; treat-
ment of, in maritime warfare,336,345;
care of, by neutral powers, 393–394.
Sieges, rules of, in land warfare, 326.
Singapore, 158.

Slaves, so-called right of asylum as ap-
plied to, 161.

Slave-trade, the. (See the African slave-
trade.)

Sojourn, in neutral ports, 401-409.
Sotelo, case of, 169, 170.
Soulé, Mr., case of, 201.
Sound dues, 133, 134.

Sources of international law, 15-20.
South African republics, 53, 74, 304.
South American states. (See Latin-
American states.)