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Australia, 221.
Austria (Austria-Hungary), 45, 49, 57,
76, 101, 177, 179, 195, 200, 214, 225,
269, 384, 461, 476, 479; case of Mar-
tin Koszta, 177, 178; immunity of
private property at sea in war with
Italy, 340, 341.

Authorities in international law, 15,
16, 18-20, 30-35; see separate list of
authorities.

Automatic contact mines, 337.
Auxiliary vessels in war-time, 337-340,
345.

Babylon, 242.

Bahama Islands, as entrepôt of block-
ade, 419.

Balance of power in Europe, 99, 100.
Balkan War, 356.

Balloons in war, 355-357, 359, 360, 479;
projectiles from, 359, 360, 479; as
contraband, 430.

Baltic powers, 44.

Baltic Sea, 134, 148.

Barat of Turkey, 225.

Barbarous forces, 317.

Barbed wire as contraband, 430.
Barrundia, case of, 171–173.

Base of operations for belligerent men-
of-war, 401, 402.

Basis of international law, 14-20.
Bays: of Newfoundland, 126; Chesa-
peake and Delaware, 126.

Belgium, 45, 65, 66, 75, 88, 166, 386,
479; neutralization of, 45, 65, 75,
166, 180, 394, 479.

Belligerency, state of, 53; recognition
of, 82-85; see Appendix I.
Belligerent rights, 315-317.
Belligerents, 141, 313, 314, 315-317,
318-324, 373, 390, 395, 405, 451;
loans to, 395; in neutral territory,
398, etc.; acts from neutral territory,
401, 402, 408, 413, 415; closing of
neutral ports to, 402, 404, 405.
Bentham, Jeremy, 3.

Bering Sea, 149, 151; arbitration as to
fur-seal fisheries, 149-150, 151.
Berlin, congress of, 238; treaty of, 163,
244, 269.

Berlin conference, 238, 269, 375.
Berlin decree, 44.

Bermudas, in the American Civil War,
419.

Bernard, Montague, 5, 238.

Besieged towns, useless mouths, 313.
Bill of sale for American vessels, 153,
154.

Bills of exchange, 430.

Bismarck, 374.

Black Sea, 124, 132, 133, 147, 268;
neutralization of, 51, 124, 132, 133;
arsenals, etc., 268.

Blackstone on international law, 9.
Blaine, Secretary, on Clayton-Bulwer
treaty, 140, 141, 149.

Blair, Hon. H. W., Chinese object to,
200.
Blockade, 418-426; pacific, 289–292; as
operation of war, 418, etc.; area of,
418, 419, 424, 425; effectiveness of,
419, 420; must be continuous, 420;
entry of neutral men-of-war, 420, 421;
declaration of, 421, 422; notification
of, 422, 423; breach of, 423, 425; pur-
suit of vessels breaking blockade.
424, 425; zones of, 424, 425; duration
of liability to capture, 425; by arti-
ficial mines, 477, 478.

Blount, Jas. H., in Hawaii, 215.
Bluntschli, 11.

Boer War, 53, 72, 74, 346, 388, 436.
Boggs, Rear-Admiral, 164.

Bolivia, 78, 436.

Bombardment, of undefended places.
325; of private houses, 325; by naval
forces, 350, 351.

Booty. (See Pillage.)
Borneo, 68, 118.
Bosnia, 269.

Bosphorus, 132, 133; exclusion of men-
of-war, 132; treaties concerning, 132.
Boundaries of states, 119–123.

Boxer movement, 102.

Brazil, 75, 77, 79, 80, 163, 164, 183, 264,
284.

Brett, Justice, in case of Parlement
Belge, 166.

Bright, John, 7.

Bristol Channel, 131.
British Africa, 118.

British foreign enlistment act, 386, 387.
British Guiana, 119.

British India, 68, 221.

British merchant vessels, arming of,

335.

British Orders in Council, 44.

Brussels code of land warfare, 54, 311.
Bulgaria, 52, 76, 88, 133.

Bunch, Mr., consul at Charleston, 227.
Bundesrath, 245.

Bundesstaat, 76.

Bureau of information for prisoners,
323.

Burlingame, case of, 199.

Bynkershoek, 15, 18, 38, 39, 149, 211,
304, 384.

Cables, submarine, in war-time, 351-
353; interruption of, 351, 352; Eng-
lish regulations concerning use in
Spanish-American War, 352.
Cabotage, 128, 449, 451.
Calvo, 265.

Canada, 104, 105, 120-122, 124, 131,
221, 278, 289, 306.

Canal, Panama, 139-145; Bulwer-Clay-
ton treaty, 139; Hay-Pauncefote
treaty, 139, 140; Hay-Bunau-Varilla
treaty, 143-145.

Canal, Suez, regulations concerning the,
138.

Canals, interoceanic, 134-145.
Canning, Mr., on neutrality, 386.
Cape Colony, 75.

Capitulations in war-time, 328.

Capitulations of Turkey, 124, 219, 231,
234, 235.

Capture, right of, 340, 347; of enemy
merchant vessels, 340-345; of neu-
tral vessels, 409–411.

Captures, with respect to peace, 376.
Care of sick and wounded, 324.
Caribbean Sea, 147.

Caroline in Canada, case of, 104, 105.
Carriage of contraband, 427; of des-
patches by neutral vessels, 442-446.
Cartel ships, 336.

Carthage, laws of, 24.

Case of Franconia, 9.

Castro, President, case of, 197.
Central America, 98, 99.

Ceremonials, naval, etc., 4, 5, 110; to
diplomatic officers, 201, 202, 222.
Cessation of warfare, 372-376.

Cession by conquest, 377, 379; by pur-
chase, 116.

Chablais, cession of, 66.

Chancellor in German Legation in

Chile, case of, 210.

Changes of governments, 88-90.

Chargé d'affaires, 203, 221.

Charlemagne, 28.

Charlton, case of extradition of, 190.

Chartered companies, 64.

Chartered transports under foreign flag,

166, 167.

Chesapeake, seizure of, 399.

Chesapeake affair in 1807, 288, 289.
Chesapeake Bay, 126.

Chiefs of state, 195-197.

Chile, 80, 129, 130, 191, 210, 372.

China, 51, 88, 102, 119, 130, 176, 183,

188, 199, 200, 215, 224, 231, 250, 290,
478.

Chinaware, not contraband, 431.
Chinese, naturalization of, 183.
Chino-Japanese War, 388.
Christine of Pisa, 30.

Citizen, declaration of intention to be-
come, 181, 182.

Citizens, abroad, jurisdiction over, 175,
178; protection of, 175, 176.
Citizenship, by birth, 178-180; by nat-
uralization, 181-185; of seamen on
board American vessels, 184-185;
of women, 184; and military service
requirements, 184.

Civil War, American, 48, 49, 50, 51, 77,
82-84, 91, 148, 149, 227, 305, 321,
337, 346, 350, 373, 388, 389, 399-403,
405, 419, 447, 448, 452; termination
of, 373; commencement of, 381; neu-
trality during, 388, 396.

Classification of states, 61; of unneutral
service, 442-447.

Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 98, 139, 140-
142.

Cleveland, President, 415.

Clocks as contraband, 432.

Closing of ports by neutrals, 404, 405.
Clothing as contraband, 428.

Coal as contraband, 430.

Coaling in neutral ports, 407.

Coast fisheries, exemption of, 343, 344.
Coasting trade, 449-451, 473.
Cockburn, Justice, 9, 82.

Code of Manu, 22.

Codes, 18; individual, 11.

Codification of international law, 10, 11.
Colliers, 335.

Collisions, 150-151.

Colombia, 75, 86, 102, 139, 145.
Colonial possessions, 62.

Colonial protectorates, 68.

Colonies, Spanish-American, 387, 388.
Colonization, 73, 74.

Combatants and non-combatants, 309,
312-318, 391.

Comity of nations, 4, 5.
Command of the sea, 333.

Commencement of peace, 253, 254, 329,

370.

Commencement of war, 294-297, 376,

377.

Commerce during war, 301, 304, 340.
Commissions of inquiry, 277, 278.
Communities, not subjects of inter-
national law, 63.

Compensation for capture when illegal,
468, 469.

Compromis, 272.

Conception Bay, 126.

Concert of Europe (see Balance of Eu-
rope), 100.

Concordats, 64.

Conditional contraband, 429, 430, 434,
435, 436.

Conditions of sovereign states, 61, 62.
Confederacy, 76.

Confederacy, Southern, 49, 77, 82-84,
91, 227, 305, 373.

Confederate States, recognition of bel-
ligerency of, 82-84.

Conference, London Naval, of 1909, 57,
58, 59, 194, 455, 458-460.

Conferences, international, and con-

gresses, 238-241.

Conferences of The Hague, 52-56, 240,
276, 278, 281, 295; see also Hague
conventions.

Conflict of laws, 4.
Congo, the, 135.

Congo Free State, 51, 74, 135, 275.
Congress of Vienna, rules of, 44, 45,
202, 203.

Congresses, international, and confer-
ences, 238-241.

Conquest, 377-378.

Consolato del Mare, 10, 40, 383.
Constantinople, Convention of, 137.
Constitution, case of the, 165.

Constitution of the United States, 9,

178, 181, 245, 248, 250, 252.

Constraint short of war, 283, etc.
Consul, definition of, 220-223; general
functions of, 220-223; exercising
diplomatic functions, 221; powers
exercised by naval officers, 222; clas-
sification and precedents, 223-225;
rights and privileges of, 228, 229;
acting for other governments, 229;
duties of, 230-232; where exterri-
toriality exists, 231, 234; in time of
war, 232; and marriages, 232; ter-
mination of functions, 233, 234; with
judicial functions, 234, 235.

Consul at Charleston, case of, in Civil
War, 227.

Consular courts, marshals of, 224.
Consular systems of foreign countries,
232, 233.

Consulates, immunities of, 228, 229.
Consuls, historical sketch of, 218–220.
Continuity of states, 88, 89.
Continuous voyages, 425, 433, 434, 435,
436.

Contraband of war, 427-441; definition
of, 427, 428; arms as, 428; horses as,
428; absolute, 428, 429; enumeration
of articles, 428-431; foodstuffs as,
429, 430; money as, 429, 430; con-
ditional, 429-431; destination of, 433-
436; seizure of, 433-440.
Contraband trade, penalty of, 436-440.
Contract debts, convention for re-
covery of, 279, 350, 351.

Contributions, 306, 307, 326, 351, 367-
371.

Conventions applicable to maritime

warfare, 343, 346, 347, 349-353, 398-
409, 411-413, 416, 418-426, 428-438.
Conversion of merchantmen into war-
ships, 337-340, 475, 477; on the high
seas, 475-477.

Convoy, vessels under neutral, 411-412;

vessels under enemy, 412.
Copenhagen, battle of, 105-107
Corinto affair, 288.
Corporations, chartered, 64.

Corporations as citizens, 63, 64, 185,
276, 280, 281.

Costa Rica, 170.

Courtesy, international, 4, 5.

Courts of arbitration at The Hague,
277-282.

Crandall on treaties, 246, 252.
Crete, 290, 291.

Crews of captured merchantmen, 344.
Crimean War, 47, 133, 303, 308.
Criminals, extradition of, 189–192.
Crusades, the, 29.

Cuba, 68, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 96, 102,
107-109, 124, 158, 221, 244, 388.
Culebra, 158.

Custom, a source of international law,
14, 15.

Customs and rules of peoples in early
days, 15.
Cyprus, 117.

Dana, R. H., 17, 18, 82, 83, 251, 341;
see Appendix I.

Danish fleet at Copenhagen, 105.
Danish West Indies, 176.
Danube, 45, 135.

Dardanelles, 130, 132, 133.
Dark and Middle Ages, 27-30.
Days of grace, 473, 474.

Debts, contract, recovery of, 279.
Decisions of arbitral and judicial tri-
bunals, 17.
Declaration of London, 1909, 11, 12,
57, 58, 59, 241, 311, 389, 411-413,
418-426, 428-440, 442-446, 454, 455,
456, 458, 462, 468, and also Appendix
IV; accompanying report of com-
mittee, 421, Appendix IV.
Declaration of Paris, of 1856, 11, 47-
49, 311, 419, 471, 472.
Declaration of St. Petersburg, 1868, 11.
Declarations of: war, 294-296; neutral-
ity, 396, 397; blockade, 421-423; con-
traband, 429-431; see Outbreak of
War, etc.

Deerhound and Alabama, 452.
De facto governments, 90, 91.
Definition of international law, 1.
Definition of a sovereign state, 61.
De Jure Belli ac Pacis. (See Grotius.)
Delaware Bay, 126.

Denmark, 42, 74, 105, 106, 252.
Deserters, extradition of, 192, 193.
Despatches, carriage of, in war-time by
neutrals, 442, 444, 445.

Destruction of enemy's property on
shore, 325, 326.

Destruction of enemy's vessels as prizes,
348, 349.

Destruction of neutral prizes, 453-456.
Devastation in warfare, 312, 314.
Development of international law, 37,
etc.

Development of neutrality, 383-389.
Dignity and honor of the state, 109-110.
Diplomacy, 5, 6.

Diplomatic agents, 199-210; appoint-
ment and reception of, 199-202; re-
fusal to receive, 200; en route to posts,
201, 202; reception of, 201, 202; rank
and classification of, 202-204; duties
of, 204-206; immunities of, 206, 207;
rights and privileges of, 206-210; im-
munity from criminal proceedings,
207, 208; household of, 208; right of
inviolability, 208.

Diplomatic and naval services, rela-
tions of, 198, 199.

Diplomatic corps, 203-205.
Diplomatic immunities, 208–212.
Diplomatic intercourse, 197–199.
Diplomatic mission, termination of,
212-213.

Diplomatic relations, suspensions of,
283-285.

Diplomatic service of the United States
confined to citizens, 199.

Distinction between state and govern-

ment, 88, 89.

Documents carried by vessels of the
United States, 156, 157.
Dogger Bank case, 17, 53, 277.
Domain, public and private, 113, 114.
Domicile, 179, 180; as to aliens, 187,
189; of students, 189; in naval war,
461.

Don Pacifico, case of, 288.

Due diligence of neutral powers, 408,
409.

Duties of consuls, 220, etc.

Duties of a sovereign state, 97, 98.

Ecuador, 48.

Effect of recognition of belligerency, 82-
84, 85; upon states and individuals,
293-299.

Effect of war, upon treaties, 264-268;

upon combatants and non-combat-
ants, 300-305; as to property, 305-
308.

Effective blockades, 419, 421.

Effects of outbreak of war 296, 297.
Egypt, 67, 136, 242.
Egyptians, 24.

Ellenborough, Lord Justice, 97.
Embargo, 288.

Embassies and legations, right of asy-
lum in, 210-212.

Emigration, 184.

Enemy's character in maritime war-
fare, 305, 346, 347, 461, 462, 474,
478.

Enemy's merchant vessels, at outbreak
of war, 297; capture of, 340-343; de-
struction of, 348, 349.
England. (See Great Britain.)
Enlistment acts, 386-389.

Envoys bearing flags of truce, 327, 328.
Equality of states, 62, 63.

Equipment of vessels of war in a neu-
tral state, 403–409, 413.

Escape from capture as prisoner of war,
320.

Ethics, international, 6, 7.

Events bearing upon international law
since 1909, 59.

Exchange, case of, 159, 160.
Exchange of prisoners, 322-324.
Exclusion of aliens, 186, 187.

Exemption of coast fisheries from cap-
ture, 343, 344.

Exemption of convoy from search, 411,
412.

Exequatur of consuls, 225, 226.

Expatriation, 182, 183.

Expeditions, hostile, 413, 415.

Explosive bullets, 310, 324.

Expulsion of aliens, 187.

Exterritoriality, 188.

Extinction of states and governments,
91, 92.

Extradition, 189-192; of political cases,
190-192; of deserters, 192, 193.

False colors, use of, 324.
Fisheries, Newfoundland, 59; pearl, of
Ceylon and Persian Sea, 127; Bering
Sea, 149-151; North Sea, 151; on the
high seas, 151.

Fishing vessels, exemption of, 243, 344.
Flag, transfer of, 458, 460.

Flags, for maritime service, 152; use of,
152.

Flags of truce, 327, 328.

Floating mines on the high seas, 477,
478.

Florida, the case of the, 399.
Foodstuffs, 305, 429, 430.

Force of usage and custom, 2, 3, 14, 15.
Forced loans, 368, 369, 370.
Forced military service from enemy,
319, 325.

Forces of the state, 298.

Foreign consular jurisdiction, 234, 235.
Foreign consular systems, 232, 233.
Foreign flag, transports under, 166, 167.
Foreign ports closed in time of war and
peace, 158.

Foreign sovereigns, 195, 197.
Formation of states, 72, etc.; by occu-
pation or colonization, 73, 74; by
attainment of civilization, 74, 75; by
division of a state, 75; by combina-
tion of minor states, 76.
Fortifications, 310, 313, 319, 325, 326.
France, 33, 41, 43-49, 57, 68, 74, 76, 86,

110, 138, 179, 180, 201, 213, 219, 232,
245, 289, 300, 304, 338, 341, 359, 373,
374, 375, 394, 453, 461, 476, 479.
Franco-German War, 49, 65, 76, 176,
273, 304, 306, 313, 316, 338, 355, 370,
371, 374, 375, 377, 378, 388, 402, 416.
Franconia, case of, 9.

Frankfort, treaty of, 375, 377, 378.
Free list as to contraband, 4, 31.
Freedom of the high seas, 148-152; re-
strictions of, 154.

French ordinance of 1681, 18, 41.
French prize-courts set up in America,
385.

French Revolution, 41, 43, 44, 384.
French rule as to merchant vessels, 168,
169.

Fuel as contraband, 430.

Fuel for belligerent vessels of war, 406,
407.

Fugitive slaves on board vessels of war,
162, 163.

Fuller, Chief Justice, 78.

Fundamental rights and duties of states,
97, 98.

Gallatin, case of, 209, 210.

Gamez, case of, 170, 171.

General Armstrong, case of the, 399.
Gênet, M., in the United States, 385.
Geneva arbitration and tribunal, 50, 51.
Geneva conventions as to sick and
wounded, 1864-1869, 11, 50, 310, 311,
317, 324, 336, 345, 346, 451. 452.

Gentilis, Albericus, 32.
Germany, 38, 45, 49, 51, 57, 63, 76, 117,
118, 136, 179, 200, 210, 233, 245, 262,
263, 290, 291, 304, 341, 359, 378, 384,
388, 394, 412, 440, 461, 472, 476, 479.
Goths and Vandals, 28.

Government, military, 365–372.
Grades of consular representatives, 223,
224.

Grades of diplomatic representatives,
203, 204.

Great Britain, 8, 9, 32, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47,
52, 53, 57, 59, 68, 74, 76, 86, 91, 98,
108, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 124, 126,
129, 131, 134, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142,
144, 148, 149, 151, 175, 179, 185, 186,
187, 190, 200, 206, 207, 209, 249, 250,
259, 274, 276, 277, 278, 284, 288, 290,
291, 303, 338, 341, 352, 376, 384, 389,
394, 407, 440, 447, 448, 453, 456, 467,
476, 479; neutrality laws of, 389.
Great Lakes, as boundaries, 122; posi-
tion of, with respect to the United
States, 122; limitation of armaments
upon, 124.

Greece, 24, 25, 76, 88, 180, 275.
Greeks, 24; international laws and
usages of, 21.

Grotius, Hugo, 15, 16, 30, 32-35, 37–40,

309, 350, 355; his predecessors, 30-32;
his successors, 38, 39.

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 185.
Guano Islands, 158.

Guatemala, 171, 173.
Guerilla troops, 312, 313.
Gulfs and bays, 126.

Hague conventions, 11, 16, 17, 51, 53,
54, 241, 243, 259, 260, 271–274, 276,
279, 295, 302, 310, 311, 312, 318, 320-
329, 343-345, 389-396, 400-409, 413,
416, 451-468, 473, 475, 477-479.
Hague declarations, 54.
Hague Peace Conference, first, 52, 53,
238, 240, 278; second, 51, 53, 54, 55–
57, 238, 276-279, 280, 281, 294-296,
318-321, 389-394, 404-409, 413, 416.
Hague tribunals, 124, 126, 280.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, 139, 143-

145.

Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 127, 139, 140,
141-143, 144, 145, 269.

Head of the state, 195, 196; immunities
of, 196, 197; case of ex-President Cas-
tro, 197.

Hebrews, 22, 23.

Henfield, Gideon, case of, 385, 386.
Herzegovina, 269.

High seas, definition of the, 147; free-
dom of, 148-151; navigation upon
the, 150, 151; collisions on, 151; juris-
diction over vessels on the, 152–154.
Hill, D. J., 6, 29.

"Historicus," views of, 100.
History of international law, 19, 20.
Holland (Low Countries, Netherlands),

35, 37, 40, 44, 45, 52, 57, 76, 80, 86,

180, 253, 383, 384, 448, 476.
Holy Alliance, 45, 46.
Honduras, case of the, 170, 171.
Hospital ships, 345, 346.
Hospitals, military, 310, 317.
Hostages, 314, 315, 370, 371.
Hostile expeditions, 413-415.
Hostilities, 324–326; outbreak of, 294-
297.

Hot pursuit, 128, 129.
Hudson Bay, 147.

Identification of a vessel of war, 153.
Identity of vessels, 152.
Immunities of foreign sovereigns, 196,
197; foreign vessels of war, in ports,
158, 161; of diplomatic agents and
consuls, 206–210, 228, 229.

Immunity from arrest on board vessels
of war, 161-165.

Immunity from capture of private
property at sea, 340-343.

Immunity of political offenders, 162.
Implements of warfare as contraband,
428, 429.

Indemnities, 366-369, 377.

Independence, recognition of, 85-88;
see Appendix I.

India, British, 22, 69, 175.

Indian Ocean, 148.

Inhabitants of acquired territory, 378.
Innocent passage, right of, 128, 129.
Institute of International Law, 18, 127,
133, 220, 221, 292, 356, 358.

Instructions for the armies of the
United States in the field. (See Rules
of War by Lieber.)

Insurgency, state of, 77-81.

Insurgent communities, 76, 77, 81.
Insurgents on the high seas, 77-80.
Intelligence for an enemy, transmis-
sion of, 444-446.

Intention to become citizens, declara-
tion of, 181, 182.
Intercourse, of nations, early history of,
20, 21, 22; between states, 197, etc.;
right of, 197, 198; diplomatic, 197-
199.

International comity, 4.

International commissions of inquiry,
277, 278.

International 'conferences and con-
gresses, 238-241.

*nternational disputes, judicial settle-

ment, 279-282; see also Appendix II.
International ethics, 6.
International law, its nature, 1; origin,
1-4; term, 3; definition, 4; with re-
spect to navy, 5, 40, 77-80, 82, 84,
105-107, 108, 110, 124, 128-131, 132-
134, 137, 141, 142, 144, 152-154, 155,
156, 158-167, 171–173, 177, 178, 191–
193, 204, 222, 224, 288-292, 293–299,
300-308, 309–330, 332–353, 355-363,
364-379, 380–397, 398–417, 418-426,

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