ment itself; but such powers must be content if the government, in its relations with them during the contest, performs faithfully the duties enjoined upon it by international law, gives no public and official moral support to the insurrection, abstains from recognizing independence until it exists in fact, and executes faithfully the duties of neutrality in the contest, as regards all material aid. In reply to M. Hülsemann's complaint of the language of the President toward Russia, he reminds the writer that Russia has made no complaint. Mr. Webster's letter is, no doubt, a grave and skilful censure of Austria and of her system and relations to freedom and would have been open to the charge of being undiplomatic if the note of M. Hülsemann had not given Mr. Webster fair opportunity, if not provocation, to introduce the topics into his reply. Webster's "Works," VI, 488-506.

As a point in international law the transaction has little significance, as the United States undoubtedly did not act in the way of recognizing the independence or even belligerency of Hungary but confidentially and secretly took its own mode of making sure of its ground in being the earliest, consistently with international law, to recognize the independence of a nation with whose cause it sympathized. The episode belongs rather to history, as indicating the policy and feeling of the United States. See note 41 on Intervention in Mexico.-D.

APPENDIX II

CONVENTION

FOR THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

"Animated by the sincere desire to work for the maintenance of gen

eral peace;

"Resolved to promote by all the efforts in their power the friendly settlement of international disputes;

"Recognizing the solidarity uniting the members of the society of civilized nations;

"Desirous of extending the empire of law and of strengthening the appreciation of international justice;

"Convinced that the permanent institution of a Tribunal of Arbitration accessible to all, in the midst of independent Powers, will contribute effectively to this result;

"Having regard to the advantages attending the general and regular organization of the procedure of arbitration;

"Sharing the opinion of the august initiator of the International Peace Conference that it is expedient to record in an International Agreement the principles of equity and right on which are based the security of States and the welfare of peoples;

"Being desirous, with this object, of insuring the better working in practice of Commissions of Inquiry and Tribunals of Arbitration and of facilitating recourse to arbitration in cases which allow of a summary procedure;

"Have deemed it necessary to revise in certain particulars and to complete the work of the First Peace Conference for the pacific settlement of international disputes;

"The High Contracting Parties have resolved to conclude a new Convention for this purpose, and have appointed the following as their Plenipotentiaries:"

[Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries.]

"Who, after having deposited their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following:

PART I-THE MAINTENANCE OF GENERAL PEACE

ARTICLE 1

"With a view to obviating as far as possible recourse to force in the relations between States, the Contracting Powers agree to use their best efforts to insure the pacific settlement of international differences.

PART II-GOOD OFFICES AND MEDIATION

ARTICLE 2

"In case of serious disagreement or dispute, before an appeal to arms, the Contracting Powers agree to have recourse, as far as circumstances allow, to the good offices or mediation of one or more friendly Powers.

ARTICLE 3

"Independently of this recourse, the Contracting Powers deem it expedient and desirable that one or more Powers strangers to the dispute should, on their own initiative and as far as circumstances may allow, offer their good offices or mediation to the States at variance.

"Powers strangers to the dispute have the right to offer good offices or mediation even during the course of hostilities.

"The exercise of this right can never be regarded by either of the parties in dispute as an unfriendly act.

ARTICLE 4

"The part of the mediator consists in reconciling the opposing claims and appeasing the feelings of resentment which may have arisen between the States at variance.

ARTICLE 5

"The functions of the mediator are at an end when once it is declared, either by one of the parties to the dispute or by the mediator himself, that the means of reconciliation proposed by him are not accepted.

ARTICLE 6

"Good offices and mediation undertaken either at the request of the parties in dispute or on the initiative of Powers strangers to the dispute have exclusively the character of advice and never have binding force.

ARTICLE 7

"The acceptance of mediation cannot, unless there be an agreement to the contrary, have the effect of interrupting, delaying, or hindering mobilization or other measures of preparation for war.

"If it takes place after the commencement of hostilities, the military operations in progress are not interrupted in the absence of an agreement to the contrary.

ARTICLE 8

"The Contracting Powers are agreed in recommending the application, when circumstances allow, of special mediation in the following form: "In case of a serious difference endangering peace, the States at vari

ance choose respectively a Power to which they intrust the mission of entering into direct communication with the Power chosen on the other side, with the object of preventing the rupture of pacific relations.

"For the period of this mandate, the term of which, unless otherwise stipulated, cannot exceed thirty days, the States in dispute cease from all direct communication on the subject of the dispute, which is regarded as referred exclusively to the mediating Powers, which must use their best efforts to settle it.

"In case of a definite rupture of pacific relations, these Powers are charged with the joint task of taking advantage of any opportunity to restore peace.

PART III-INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS OF INQUIRY

ARTICLE 9

"In disputes of an international nature involving neither honor nor vital interests and arising from a difference of opinion on points of fact, the Contracting Powers deem it expedient and desirable that the parties who have not been able to come to an agreement by means of diplomacy should, as far as circumstances allow, institute an International Commission of Inquiry, to facilitate a solution of these disputes by elucidating the facts by means of an impartial and conscientious investigation.

ARTICLE 10

"International Commissions of Inquiry are constituted by special agreement between the parties in dispute.

"The Inquiry Convention defines the facts to be examined; it determines the mode and time in which the Commission is to be formed and the extent of the powers of the Commissioners.

"It also determines, if there is need, where the Commission is to sit and whether it may remove to another place, the language the Commission shall use and the languages the use of which shall be authorized before it, as well as the date on which each party must deposit its statement of facts, and, generally speaking, all the conditions upon which the parties have agreed.

"If the parties consider it necessary to appoint Assessors, the Convention of Inquiry shall determine the mode of their selection and the extent of their powers.

ARTICLE 11

"If the Inquiry Convention has not determined where the Commission is to sit, it will sit at The Hague.

"The place of meeting, once fixed, cannot be altered by the Commission except with the assent of the parties.

"If the Inquiry Convention has not determined what languages are to be employed, the question shall be decided by the Commission.

ARTICLE 12

"Unless an undertaking is made to the contrary, Commissions of Inquiry shall be formed in the manner determined by Articles XLV and LVII of the present Convention.

ARTICLE 13

"Should one of the Commissioners or one of the Assessors, should there be any, either die, or resign, or be unable for any reason whatever to discharge his functions, the same procedure is followed for filling the vacancy as was followed for appointing him.

ARTICLE 14

"The parties are entitled to appoint special agents to attend the Commission of Inquiry, whose duty it is to represent them and to act as intermediaries between them and the Commission.

"They are further authorized to engage counsel or advocates, appointed by themselves, to state their case and uphold their interests before the Commission.

ARTICLE 15

"The International Bureau of the Permanent Court of Arbitration acts as registry for the Commissions which sit at The Hague and shall place its offices and staff at the disposal of the Contracting Powers for the use of the Commission of Inquiry.

ARTICLE 16

"If the Commission meets elsewhere than at The Hague, it appoints a Secretary-General, whose office serves as registry.

"It is the function of the registry, under the control of the President, to make the necessary arrangements for the sittings of the Commission, the preparation of the Minutes, and, while the inquiry lasts, for the charge of the archives, which shall subsequently be transferred to the International Bureau at The Hague.

ARTICLE 17

"In order to facilitate the constitution and working of Commissions of Inquiry, the Contracting Powers recommend the following rules, which shall be applicable to the inquiry procedure in so far as the parties do not adopt other rules.

ARTICLE 18

"The Commission shall settle the details of the procedure not covered by the special Inquiry Convention or the present Convention and shall arrange all the formalities required for dealing with the evidence.